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Glu

Stress. Astrocyte. GluT. Neuron. Astrocyte. NT. P2R. P1R. Microglia. ZnT. NOX. P1R. Zn 2+. Zn 2+. NOX. Cx43. ATP. ATP. P2R. Ado. P2R. Glu. Glu. E. NT. E. NT. ZnT. ATP, Cytokines, etc. P2R. NOX. P1R. GluR. ATP, Cytokines, etc. ROS, etc. Death. Biological

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Glu

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  1. Stress Astrocyte GluT Neuron Astrocyte NT P2R P1R Microglia ZnT NOX P1R Zn2+ Zn2+ NOX Cx43 ATP ATP P2R Ado P2R Glu Glu E NT E NT ZnT ATP, Cytokines, etc. P2R NOX P1R GluR ATP, Cytokines, etc. ROS, etc Death Biological response NOX:NADPH oxidase ROS:reactive oxygen species ZnT:zinc transport system E:metabolic enzymes P1R:adenosine (Ado) receptor P2R:ATP receptor Cx43:Connexin 43 hemichannel GluT:Glutamate transport system

  2. ? NAD+ Adenosine ? Nicotinamide + cADPribose P2X7R ? Nicotinamide Transporter ?? CD39 & NTase NADase NT(s) NAD+ O2 O2- NAD+ Adenosine NAD+ NAD+ NAD+ Nicotinamide NADPH oxidase NADH PARP1 overactivation Cell death PAR NAD+

  3. Astrocytes play predominant role in adenosine clearance via ENT2 ATP Dead cell ENT1 ENT2 CNT2 Neuron Ado ATP Hemichannels ENT1 Ecto-NTase ENT2 ATP CNT2 Cellular clearance: astrocyte > neuron Major molecule: ENT2 Astrocyte (BBRC, 2005; Neurosci Lett, 2006; GLIA, 2007)

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