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Glu

Stress. Astrocyte. GluT. Neuron. Astrocyte. NT. P2R. P1R. Microglia. ZnT. NOX. P1R. Zn 2+. Zn 2+. NOX. Cx43. ATP. ATP. P2R. Ado. P2R. Glu. Glu. E. NT. E. NT. ZnT. ATP, Cytokines, etc. P2R. NOX. P1R. GluR. ATP, Cytokines, etc. ROS, etc. Death. Biological

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Glu

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  1. Stress Astrocyte GluT Neuron Astrocyte NT P2R P1R Microglia ZnT NOX P1R Zn2+ Zn2+ NOX Cx43 ATP ATP P2R Ado P2R Glu Glu E NT E NT ZnT ATP, Cytokines, etc. P2R NOX P1R GluR ATP, Cytokines, etc. ROS, etc Death Biological response NOX：NADPH oxidase ROS：reactive oxygen species ZnT：zinc transport system E：metabolic enzymes P1R：adenosine (Ado) receptor P2R：ATP receptor Cx43：Connexin 43 hemichannel GluT：Glutamate transport system

  2. ? NAD+ Adenosine ? Nicotinamide + cADPribose P2X7R ? Nicotinamide Transporter ?? CD39 & NTase NADase NT(s) NAD+ O2 O2- NAD+ Adenosine NAD+ NAD+ NAD+ Nicotinamide NADPH oxidase NADH PARP1 overactivation Cell death PAR NAD+

  3. Astrocytes play predominant role in adenosine clearance via ENT2 ATP Dead cell ENT1 ENT2 CNT2 Neuron Ado ATP Hemichannels ENT1 Ecto-NTase ENT2 ATP CNT2 Cellular clearance: astrocyte > neuron Major molecule: ENT2 Astrocyte (BBRC, 2005; Neurosci Lett, 2006; GLIA, 2007)

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