Human History and Early Civilizations: Essential Knowledge and Key Concepts

1. 1/20 Focus: • Early Humans survived by hunting and gathering until some people began to practice agriculture about the end of the last ice age • Do Now: • Identify one group that helped preserve Greek and Roman knowledge after the fall of Rome.

2. Midterm Review

3. Important terms Word Bank Subsistence farming Cultural Diffusion Primary Source Secondary Source Natural Barriers Timeline Ethnocentrism

4. Important Terms • The exchange of ideas, customs, goods, and technologies among cultures • Mountains, deserts, oceans are examples of factors that limit the movement of groups of people • A first hand source of information • Sources of information that usually occur after the event happened • Farming enough just to survive • a tool which shows the chronological order of events • Belief that one’s culture is superior to all others • Cultural Diffusion • Natural Barriers • Primary Source • Secondary Source • Subsistence farming • Timeline • Ethnocentrism

5. Sample Questions 1. The main purpose of a time line is to show the (1) causes and effects of wars (2) location of important places (3) benefits of modern civilizations (4) chronological relationship between events 2. Which source of information is considered a primary source? (1) travel diary of Ibn Battuta (2) modern novel about the Golden Age of Islam (3) textbook on the history of North Africa (4) dictionary of English words adapted from Arabic 3. Which document is an example of a primary source? (1) a novel on the Age of Discovery (2) a diary of a Holocaust survivor (3) a textbook on Latin American history (4) an encyclopedia article on Songhai culture 4. The term “subsistence farmers” refers to people who grow (1) enough food to feed an entire village (2) food to sell in village markets (3) just enough food to meet the needs of the immediate family (4) a single cash crop

6. Primary Sources vs. Secondary Sources Primary Source Secondary Source Textbook Journal Entry Video showing President Kennedy being assassinated Wikipedia entry about ancient China Autobiography Documentary on Ancient Egypt Newspaper article written during the Civil War Biography

7. Fields of Study Description Fields of Study Archeology Economics Geography Sociologist History Anthropology • Study of ancient remains and artifacts of culture • Study of the exchange of goods and services; scarcity of resources • Study of the earth and its features, location; movement of people • Study of society • Study of historical events; uses primary sources • Study of the origin, physical development, and culture of humans

8. Sample Questions • 1. Which social scientist primarily studies how people change resources into goods and services? • archaeologist • economist • (3) sociologist • (4) psychologist • 2. Which social scientists are best known for studying the physical artifacts of a culture? • geographers • economists • (3) archaeologists • (4) sociologists 3. Which aspect of social science would a geographer be most likely study? (1) how beliefs influence a group (2) how economic events influence history (3) how location influences how we live (4) how people make decisions about government

9. Human Origins • The belief that human life began in the Great Rift Valley or East Africa is known as the__________________ theory. A leading archeologist who supports this theory is Mary _______________ Answers: Out of Africa Theory Leakey

10. Early Humans Paleolithic Era Neolithic Era Start of Agriculture Domestication of Animals Farming communities developed Allowed for the birth of cities and then civilizations A major turning point in human history • Nomadic people • Basic stone age tools such as flint • Primarily hunter/gathers • Moved with their food sources

11. Sample Questions 1. The Neolithic Revolution is considered a turning point in history because it (1) influenced climatic changes (2) included the domestication of plants and animals (3) encouraged a nomadic lifestyle (4) caused a decline in population 2. The Neolithic Revolution was characterized by the (1) change from nomadic herding to settled farming (2) growth of iron tool-making technology (3) migration of early peoples to the Americas (4) decline of large empires 3. What was an important result of the Neolithic Revolution? (1) Food supplies became more reliable. (2) New sources of energy became available. (3) People became more nomadic. (4) Populations declined.

12. 8 Features of Civilizations B A Art/Architecture Organized Religion

13. 8 Features of Civilizations D C Cities Job Specialization

14. 8 Features of Civilizations E F Government Public Works

15. 8 Features of Civilizations G H System of Writing Social Classes

16. River Valley Civilizations List three common characteristics found in each of these locations.

17. River Valley Civilizations • Identify the civilization that each geographic characteristic is most closely associated. Himalayas (2) Khyber Pass Nile River Valley Waterfalls and Sahara Desert Tigris & Euphrates Fertile Crescent Unpredictable River flooding (3) Yellow River Gobi Desert Indus River Hindu Kush Predictable Flooding (1) Monsoons Natural Barriers (3) Lack of Natural Barriers

18. River Valley Civilizations • Identify the civilization that each term is associated with: Ziggurats Book of the Dead Han Dynasty Mohenjo-Daro Pyramids Dynastic Cycle Hieroglyphics Caste System Maurya and Gupta Empires Harappa Cuneiform Aryans Mandate of Heaven Hanging Gardens of Babylon Pharaohs Gilgamesh

19. Sample Questions These architectural achievements best indicate that (1) advanced technology existed in early civilizations (2) religion was of little importance (3) entertainment was important to these ancient societies (4) trade routes existed between China and the Americas One similarity between the ancient civilizations in Egypt and in China is that they developed (1) nomadic lifestyles (2) monotheistic belief systems (3) democratic governments (4) written forms of communication

20. 1/21 Focus: • Early empires had different ideas about government and the role of citizens. • Athens in Greece developed the form of government known as democracy and Rome developed the republic. • Do Now: • What is Dharma?

21. Religions • Early humans believed that everything living and nonliving in nature has a spirit this is known as _____________ Animism

22. Religions • Belief in many gods • Belief in one god • All religions have rules or codes of behavior • 10 Commandments • Five Pillars • Eightfold Path • Five Relationships • Polytheism • Monotheism • Judaism and Christianity • Islam • Buddhism • Confucianism

23. Hinduism and Buddhism • Reincarnation • Dharma • Karma • Moksha • Nirvana • The cycle of birth, death, and rebirth • The moral and religious duties expected of a person • What you do in this life effects your next life • Union with the Brahman (Atman) • enlightenment

24. Religions • Compare and contrast Hinduism and Buddhism Reincarnation Eightfold Path Karma Dharma Brahman Atman Moksha Nirvana The Caste System Founded by Siddhartha Guatma No founder Four Noble Truths

25. Chinese Belief Systems • Philosophies (Confucianism, Legalism, Taoism) • Identify the philosophy associated with each term, name, or statement The Five Relationships Harsh penalties for breaking laws Filial Piety Seek a balance with nature Lao Tzu Strict control of education and free thinking “The Way” Placed high value on education rather than punishment

26. Sample Questions • 1. One way in which the Five Relationships, the Ten Commandments, and the Eightfold Path are similar is that they: • promote polytheism • provide codes of behavior • establish gender equality • describe secularism • 2. Christianity, Islam, and Judaism are similar in that they all ask their followers to • believe in reincarnation • strive for nirvana • (3) follow a code of behavior • (4) practice polytheism

27. Sample Questions • 3. Which action is most closely associated with polytheism? • praying in a synagogue • worshipping many gods • accepting the Eightfold Path • (4) reading the Koran • 4. The five relationships taught by Confucius encouraged people to • (1) improve their position in life • (2) maintain social and political order • (3) respect and worship nature • (4) serve the needs of religious leaders

28. Sample Questions 5. Which factor most influenced a person’s social position in early Indian societies? • education • geographic location • birth • individual achievement • Buddhism is introduced into Japan around A.D. 1200. • Islam extends from the Middle East into Spain by A.D. 732. • Catholic and Protestant missionaries bring Christianity to Africa in the 1800s. 6. Each of these statements reflects the concept of • cultural diffusion • civil disobedience • urbanization • isolationism

29. Codes of Law • Earliest evidence of codified law; eye for an eye if citizens are of equal classes • Code of Law in Ancient Rome • Developed by the Emperor Justinian; preserved Roman Law • Developed during the Maurya Dynasty in India; displayed on Pillars throughout the empire • Code of Hammurabi • 12 Tables of Rome • Justinian’s Code • Pillars of Asoka

30. Sample Questions • 1. The Code of Hammurabi was a major contribution to the development of civilization because it • treated citizens and slaves equally • recorded existing laws for all to see • (3) ended all physical punishment • (4) rejected the principle of filial piety • 2. The importance of the Code of Hammurabi, the Twelve Tables, and the Justinian Code is that they • established legal principles • provided religious freedom • (3) instituted democratic governments • (4) promoted equality for all classes

31. Greece • Geography • Mountainous terrain led to the formation of __________________ • Greece is a __________________ surrounded by the Aegean, Ionian, and Mediterranean Sea • Coastline of Greece is irregular which gives them natural _________________ • City States • Peninsula • Harbors

32. Greece Athens Sparta Focused on Military Education was focused on military training • Practiced direct democracy • Citizens played a direct role in government • Focused on education • Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle emphasized philosophy and reason

33. 1/22 Focus: • The world’s first civilizations developed in River Valleys. • The people of these civilizations not only formed empires but developed writing and religious traditions • Do Now: • Identify one early form of writing

34. Alexander the Great • Established a large empire that spread from Greece to India and spread into the Middle East and Egypt • Created Hellenistic Culture which blended: • __________________ • _________________ • __________________ • ___________________ • This is an example of __________ • Indian • Egyptian • Persian • Greek • Cultural Diffusion

35. Rome • Low hills and few natural barriers allowed for the Italian peninsula to be easily _________ • Peninsula located in the ___________________Sea • allowed for ______ and _______________ United Mediterranean Trade Expansion

36. Rome • Government in Rome was a _____________ • Citizens elected their officials to make laws • Caesar became a _________________ and limited the power of the Senate • Augustus Caesar became the first _________________ marking the end of the Republic • Republic • Dictator • Emperor

37. Sample Questions • 1. What was one cause of the development of many small independent city-states in ancient Greece? • (1) Greece and Rome were often at war. • (2) The mountainous terrain of Greece resulted in widely scattered settlements. • (3) Military leaders found small Greek settlements easy to control. • (4) The Greek people had many different languages and religions. • 2. One contribution of ancient Roman culture was the development of • the concept of zero • a republican form of government • the process of making silk • the printing press

38. Zhou Dynasty Qin Dynasty Han Dynasty

39. Maurya Empire Gupta Empire

40. Sample Questions 3. In a comparison of the ancient cities of Athens and Sparta, Sparta placed more emphasis on • education • family order • military service • human rights 4. Which society practiced direct democracy? • ancient Athens • Gupta Empire • dynastic China • early Egypt

41. Sample Questions 5. In Western Europe, the Middle Ages began after the collapse of which empire? • Mughal • Ottoman • Roman • Byzantine 6. What was one effect of Alexander the Great’s conquests? • expansion of Hellenistic culture • decreased importance of the Silk Roads • formation of the Christian church • increased support of the Mayan leaders

42. Feudalism • Political and social system based on the granting of land in exchange for loyalty, military assistance, and other services • Land for protection

43. Manorial System • An economic system in the Middle Ages that was built around farming on large estates called manors • Manors were self-sufficient • Produced everything they need on the manor

44. 1/22 Focus: • Great civilizations arose in India, China, Greece and Rome from the 300’s B.C.E through about 500 C.E. • Their cultural contributions in the arts and architecture, science, engineering, and law have lasted to the present day. • Do Now: • Identify one accomplishment of the Byzantine empire.