William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 6 th Edition

1. William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture6th Edition Chapter 11 Instruction Sets: Addressing Modes and Formats

2. Addressing Modes • Immediate • Direct • Indirect • Register • Register Indirect • Displacement (Indexed) • Stack

3. Basic Addressing Modes

4. Instruction Opcode Operand Immediate Addressing • Operand is part of instruction • Operand = address field • e.g. ADD 5 • Add 5 to contents of accumulator • 5 is operand • No memory reference to fetch data • Fast • Limited range

5. Direct Addressing • Address field contains address of operand • Effective address (EA) = address field (A) • e.g. ADD A • Add contents of cell A to accumulator • Look in memory at address A for operand • Single memory reference to access data • No additional calculations to work out effective address • Limited address space

6. Direct Addressing Diagram Instruction Opcode Address A Memory Operand

7. Indirect Addressing (1) • Memory cell pointed to by address field contains the address of (pointer to) the operand • EA = (A) • Look in A, find address (A) and look there for operand • e.g. ADD (A) • Add contents of cell pointed to by contents of A to accumulator

8. Indirect Addressing (2) • Large address space • 2n where n = word length • May be nested, multilevel, cascaded • e.g. EA = (((A))) • Draw the diagram yourself • The disadvantage is that instruction execution requires two memory reference to fetch the operand • Hence slower

9. Indirect Addressing Diagram Instruction Opcode Address A Memory Pointer to operand Operand

10. Register Addressing (1) • Operand is held in register named in address filed • EA = R • Limited number of registers • 8~32 general purpose registers • The advantages of the register addressing • Only a small address field is needed in the instruction • No memory references are required • Faster instruction fetch

11. Register Addressing (2) • The drawback of the register addressing • Very limited address space • Multiple registers helps performance • Requires good assembly programming or compiler writing • N.B. C programming • register int a; • c.f. Direct addressing

12. Register Addressing Diagram Instruction Opcode Register Address R Registers Operand

13. Register Indirect Addressing • Similar to indirect addressing • EA = (R) • Operand is in memory cell pointed to by contents of register R • Large address space (2n) • One fewer memory access than indirect addressing

14. Register Indirect Addressing Diagram Instruction Opcode Register Address R Memory Registers Operand Pointer to Operand

15. Displacement Addressing • Combine the capabilities of direct addressing and register indirect addressing. • EA = A + (R) • Address field hold two values • A = base value • R = register that holds displacement • or vice versa

16. Displacement Addressing Diagram Instruction Address A Opcode Register R Memory Registers Pointer to Operand Operand +

17. Displacement Addressing (cont.) • Relative Addressing • The implicitly referenced register is the program counter (PC) • The address field is treated as a twos complement number. • EA = A + (PC) • i.e. get operand from A cells from current location pointed to by PC

18. Displacement Addressing (cont.) • Base-Register Addressing • A holds displacement • R holds pointer to base address • R may be explicit or implicit • e.g. segment registers in 80x86

19. Displacement Addressing (cont.) • Indexed Addressing • A = base • R = displacement • EA = A + R • Good for accessing arrays • Efficient mechanism for performing iterative operations • EA = A + (R) • R++ Index register

20. Combinations • Autoindexing • EA=A+(R)(R)=(R)+1 • Postindex • The indexing is performed after the indirection • EA = (A) + (R) • The contents of the address field are used to access a memory location • This address is then indexed by the register value • Useful for accessing one of a number of blocks of data of a fixed format. • E.g. process control block (PCB) in OS • Preindex • The indexing is performed before the indirection • EA = (A+(R)) • Useful for construct a multiway branch table

21. Stack Addressing • A stack is a linear array of locations • Pushdown list / last-in-first-out queue • Operand is (implicitly) on top of stack • e.g. • ADD Pop top two items from stack and add

22. 精選範例

23. 精選範例

24. Pentium Addressing Modes • Virtual or effective address is offset into segment • Starting address plus offset gives linear address • This goes through page translation if paging enabled • 12 addressing modes available • Immediate • Register operand • Displacement • Base • Base with displacement • Scaled index with displacement • Base with index and displacement • Base scaled index with displacement • Relative

25. Pentium Addressing Mode Calculation

26. PowerPC Addressing Modes • Load/store architecture • Indirect • Instruction includes 16 bit displacement to be added to base register (may be GP register) • Can replace base register content with new address • Indirect indexed • Instruction references base register and index register (both may be GP) • EA is sum of contents • Branch address • Absolute • Relative • Indirect • Arithmetic • Operands in registers or part of instruction • Floating point is register only

27. PowerPC Memory Operand Addressing Modes

28. Instruction Formats • An instruction format defined the layout of bits in an instruction • Includes opcode • Includes (implicit or explicit) operand(s) • Usually more than one instruction format in an instruction set

29. Instruction Length • Affected by and affects: • Memory size • Memory organization • Bus structure • CPU complexity • CPU speed • Trade off between powerful instruction repertoire and saving space

30. Allocation of Bits • The following interrelated factors that determining the use of the addressing bits: • Number of addressing modes • Number of operands • Register versus memory • Number of register sets • Address range • Address granularity

31. PDP-8 Instruction Format

32. PDP-10 Instruction Format

33. PDP-11 Instruction Format

34. VAX Instruction Examples

35. Pentium Instruction Format

36. PowerPC Instruction Formats (1)

37. PowerPC Instruction Formats (2)