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Low Energy Cooling BRE, 17th April 2007

C Red. Carbon Reduction. Low Energy Cooling BRE, 17th April 2007. Case Study: Termodeck Buildings at the University of East Anglia and Low Carbon Strategies at UEA.

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Low Energy Cooling BRE, 17th April 2007

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  1. CRed Carbon Reduction Low Energy CoolingBRE, 17th April 2007 Case Study: Termodeck Buildings at the University of East Anglia and Low Carbon Strategies at UEA • Low Energy Buildings - heating/cooling of Termodeck Buildings at UEA. • Life Cycle Issues • Providing Low Carbon Energy and cooling on the UEA Campus • Low Energy Buildings - heating/cooling of Termodeck Buildings at UEA. • Life Cycle Issues • Providing Low Carbon Energy and cooling on the UEA Campus Keith Tovey (杜伟贤) Energy Science Director HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation CRed Acknowledgement: Charlotte Turner

  2. Teaching wall Library Student residences Original buildings

  3. Nelson Court Constable Terrace

  4. Low Energy Educational Buildings Nursing and Midwifery School Medical School Phase 2 ZICER Elizabeth Fry Building Medical School

  5. The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994 Cost 6% more but has heating requirement ~25% of average building at time. Building Regulations have been updated: 1994, 2002, 2006, but building outperforms all of these. Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler. Careful Monitoring, Analysis and Adaptive control can reduce energy consumption.

  6. ZICER Building Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 57% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control. Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005 awarded by the Carbon Trust.

  7. The ZICER Building - Description • Four storeys high and a basement • Total floor area of 2860 sq.m • Two construction types • Main part of the building • High in thermal mass • Air tight • High insulation standards • Triple glazing with low emissivity • ~ U – value ~ 1.0 W m2 K-1

  8. The ground floor open plan office The first floor open plan office The first floor cellular offices

  9. ZICER Building • Top floor is an exhibition area – also to promote PV • Windows are semi transparent • Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays • Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6/7 kW in 3 arrays Photo shows only part of top Floor

  10. Operation of the Main Building Regenerative heat exchanger Space for future chilling Incoming air into the AHU Filter Heater The air passes through hollow cores in the ceiling slabs The return air passes through the heat exchanger Out of the building • Mechanically ventilated that utilizes hollow core ceiling slabs as supply air ducts to the space Return stale air is extracted from each floor Air enters the internal occupied space

  11. Cold air Cools the slabs to act as a cool store the following day Cold air Importance of the Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs The concrete hollow core ceiling slabs are used to store heat and coolness at different times of the year to provide comfortable and stable temperatures Draws out the heat accumulated during the day Summer night night ventilation/ free cooling

  12. Warm air Warm air Importance of the Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs The concrete hollow core ceiling slabs are used to store heat and coolness at different times of the year to provide comfortable and stable temperatures Summer day The concrete absorbs and stores the heat – like a radiator in reverse Pre-cools the air before entering the occupied space

  13. Effect of New Control Strategies on Thermal Comfort Winter Summer Only data for relevant Metabolic Rates included in above table

  14. Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER as built compared to other heating/cooling strategies Naturally Ventilated 221508GJ Air Conditioned 384967GJ As Built 209441GJ Materials Production Materials Transport On site construction energy Workforce Transport Intrinsic Heating / Cooling energy Functional Energy Refurbishment Energy Demolition Energy 28% 54% 34% 51% 29% 61%

  15. Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER compared to other buildings Compared to the Air-conditioned office, ZICER as built recovers extra energy required in construction in under 1 year.

  16. 3% Radiation Losses 11% Flue Losses GAS Engine Generator 36% Electricity 50% Heat Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP Localised generation makes use of waste heat. Reduces conversion losses significantly 36%efficient 61% Flue Losses 86%efficient Exhaust Heat Exchanger Engine heat Exchanger

  17. Conversion efficiency improvements Before installation After installation This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide

  18. Conversion efficiency improvements Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectively More electricity could be generated in summer

  19. Heat from external source Desorber Compressor Heat Exchanger W ~ 0 High Temperature High Pressure Heat rejected Absorber Condenser Throttle Valve Evaporator Low Temperature Low Pressure Heat extracted for cooling Conversion efficiency improvements Normal Chilling Adsorption Chilling 19

  20. A 1 MW Adsorption chiller 1 MW 吸附冷却器 • Adsorption Heat pump uses Waste Heat from CHP • Will provide most of chilling requirements in summer • Will reduce electricity demand in summer • Will increase electricity generated locally • Save 500 – 700 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually

  21. The Future • New Medical School • 5th Termodeck Building on Campus • Will have full backup central computing server in basement. • Cooling for this area will reject heat into heater banks for heating building during winter. • May not need any other heating for building. • Initially chilling provided locally – ultimately connected to UEA chilling network • Top Floor of ZICER – Seminar Room • Investigate provision of Heating / Cooling of room linked to room booking – i.e. only provide heating cooling to a high thermal acceptance level if room is booked in advance.

  22. Conclusions • The Termodeck construction is an effective method to provide heating and cooling. • Pre-cooling building overnight is an effective method to avoid /reduce the need for air-conditioning • Close integration between client and designers regarding functional use of building is required to ensure effective provision of cooling. • Building scale CHP can reduce carbon emissions significantly • Adsorption chilling should be included to ensure optimum utilisation of CHP plant, to reduce electricity demand, and allow increased generation of electricity locally. "If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading." LaoTzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher

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