1 / 102

HYBRID PV/T SOLAR WATER HEATERS

HYBRID PV/T SOLAR WATER HEATERS. Soteris Kalogirou Higher Technical Institute Nicosia-Cyprus. Contents. Solar energy in Cyprus Solar water heating PV applications Hybrid PV/T systems PV/T system modeling Conclusions. Island of Cyprus.

apria
Download Presentation

HYBRID PV/T SOLAR WATER HEATERS

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. HYBRID PV/T SOLAR WATER HEATERS Soteris Kalogirou Higher Technical Institute Nicosia-Cyprus Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  2. Contents • Solar energy in Cyprus • Solar water heating • PV applications • Hybrid PV/T systems • PV/T system modeling • Conclusions Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  3. Island of Cyprus • Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean at 35° north latitude. • Area= 9,251 km2. • Population: about 750,000. • Member EU as from 1 May 2004. Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  4. Cyprus energy scene • Cyprus has no natural oil resources and relies entirely on imported fuel for its energy demands. • The only natural energy resource available is solar energy. • The climatic conditions of Cyprus are predominantly very sunny. • Daily average solar radiation of about 5.4 kWh/m2 on a horizontal surface. Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  5. SOLAR WATER HEATING • At present solar energy covers about 4.5% of the total annual energy requirements. • Furthermore, it contributes to a reduction in the atmospheric pollution by approximately 260,000 tons of CO2per year. Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  6. Solar water heating in Cyprus Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  7. Typical solar water heater Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  8. Typical solar water heaters in Cyprus • These are of the thermosyphon type and consists of: • Two flat-plate solar collectors having an absorber area between 3 to 4 m2, • A storage tank with capacity between 150 to 180 litres, • A cold water storage tank; and • An auxiliary 3 kW electric immersion heater. • In buildings which are equipped with oil fired central heating systems the boiler is used as auxiliary through a heat exchanger fitted in the storage tank of the unit. Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  9. Current situation • 93% of houses • 50% of hotels • The estimated park of solar collectors in working order is 560,000 m2 • Total number of units = 190,000 • Corresponds to 3.7 inhabitants per unit •  World Record • Second: Greece • Third: Israel Equipped with solar water heaters Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  10. Systems installed • 96% of the collector area installed up today (540,000 m2) are installed in houses and flats. • In the tourist industry, it is estimated that: • 44% of the existing hotels; and • 80% of the existing hotel apartments are equipped with solar-assisted water heating systems. The contribution of solar energy to the total energy consumption in the hotel industry is 2%. Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  11. Installed solar collector area per inhabitant, 1994 Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  12. Collector performance prediction • Simulation studies of this kind of system were conducted with TRNSYS and the typical meteorological year (TMY) values for Nicosia-Cyprus. • Results: • 80% of the hot water needs are covered with solar energy (solar contribution). • No auxiliary needs for four months. • Life Cycle Savings = £427 (725 Euro). Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  13. Monthly and yearly solar contribution of thermosyphon solar water heaters Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  14. Predicted monthly auxiliary energy needed by the system Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  15. PV Applications • PV can be applied in any environment • Snow • Sea • Desert • Space • Some of the most typical are shown in the next slides Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  16. PV in snow Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  17. PV in Alaska Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  18. PV in sea Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  19. PV in desert #1 Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  20. PV in desert #2 Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  21. PV in space Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  22. PV on Mars Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  23. PV Applications • Typical applications include: • Solar roofs • Transmission stations • Emergency lighting • Shading devices • Water pumping • And many other….. Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  24. Solar roof Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  25. Water pumping Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  26. PV Shading-1 Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  27. PV shading-2 Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  28. PV shading-daylight Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  29. Roof system-daylight Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  30. Street lighting Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  31. Stand alone systems Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  32. Solar race Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  33. Solar car Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  34. Portable unit Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  35. PV transmission station Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  36. Car park shading Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  37. PV tracking Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  38. Concentrating PV Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  39. PV in Cyprus • Despite the high penetration of SWH no other application has grown in Cyprus. • Very few applications of PV are available • Powering transmission station in mountain peaks (no grid available) • House applications • Water pumping • Telephone booths lighting • One factory recently start operation Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  40. Telephone booth powered by PV Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  41. Highway advertisement lighting Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  42. PV-Shading. EAC head offices Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  43. Hybrid PV/T Systems PV characteristics Methods of extracting thermal energy Air and water systems Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  44. Solar radiation 100% PV panel Electricity 15% Waste 85% Heat mostly PV Characteristics If waste heat is not removed PV can reach temperatures of 40°C above ambient Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  45. Why should a solar device produce both electricity and heat • Because user needs both • Easy to cell electricity • Hot water is also required-save conventional energy • Use one system instead of two • Different systems: • One system for electricity (PV) • One system for solar thermal heat Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  46. Why we should have a combined system? • There is not enough roof space • PV/T is cheaper • PV/T is nicer (one system of same appearance) • PV/T system is more efficient • It would be difficult to introduce PVs in countries with good penetration of SWHs A system producing electricity and hot water has better chances of success. Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  47. Temperature increase of PV modules • The temperature of PV modules increases by the absorbed solar radiation that is not converted into electricity causing a decrease in their efficiency. • For monocrystalline silicon solar cells efficiency decreases by about 0.45% for every degree rise in temperature. • For amorphous silicon cells the effect is less pronounced, with a decrease of about 0.25% per degree rise in temperature. • This undesirable effect can be partially avoided by a proper heat extraction with a fluid circulation. • In hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) solar systems the reduction of PV module temperature can be combined with a useful fluid heating. Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  48. Cell efficiency as a function of temperature Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  49. Sample of manufacturer catalogue Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

  50. PV Cooling • PV cooling is considered necessary to keep electrical efficiency at a satisfactory level. • Natural or forced air circulation are simple and low cost methods to remove heat from PV modules. • they are less effective if ambient air temperature is over 20°C. • To overcome this effect the heat can be extracted by circulating water through a heat exchanger that is mounted at the rear surface of the PV module. Intensive program: ICT tools in PV-systems Engineering

More Related