Chapter 18: The Reformation

1. Chapter 18: The Reformation (1517-1688) What was the Reformation and how did it change Europe?

2. Section 1: The origins of the reformation • Focus Question: • How did the leaders of the Reformation challenge the Catholic Church? • Standards: • List the causes for the internal turmoil in and weakening of the Catholic church. • Describe the theological, political, and economic ideas of the major figures during the Reformation • Main Ideas: • Martin Luther’s protests against the corruption of the Catholic Church attracted followers throughout Europe. • John Calvin and other Reformation thinkers helped spread Protestant ideas throughout Europe.

3. Reform • What do people do when they reform something? • They try to make a change that they think will improve it. • Why might Catholics of the late Renaissance era want to reform the Church? • Record answers to reference.

4. Before reading – True or False? • Martin Luther was a French philosopher who urged Church reform. • Luther objected to the Church’s sale of indulgences, or holy relics. • The 95 Theses were Luther’s challenge to the authority of the Catholic Church, which he saw as corrupt. • When Luther refused to take back his statements, the Holy Roman Emperor had him beheaded. • A generation after Luther, a Protestant named John Calvin taught the idea of predestination. • Protestants believed that the Bible should be translated into everyday language so that people could read it for themselves.

5. Vocabulary builder • Respond (rih SPAHND): • V. to react to something that has been said or done • Rome responded to the Hun’s invasion by sending the Roman army into battle. • Synonyms: answer, reply, react, • Publication (puhblih KAY shuhn): • N. book or other printed work • SeiShonagon is famous for her publication The Pillow Book. • Synonyms: declaration, writing, statement

6. See it – remember it • 3 Columns: term and page #, your own definition, illustration or sentence using the term. • Reformation (p. 504) • Martin Luther (p. 504) • Indulgence (p. 505) • John Calvin (p. 507) • Predestination (p. 508) • Theocracy (p. 508) • William Tyndale (p.509)

7. Luther Challenges the church • Read this section silently and be prepared to answer these questions: • What was the environment like where Luther grew up and received his education? • Why did Luther object to the state of the Catholic Church? • Why did Luther dislike the sale of indulgences? • Why did the pope excommunicate Luther?

8. The protestant movement grows • Predict: Was the Protestant movement successful? • Read this section with your neighbor and be prepared to answer these questions: • Why do you think that so many people joined the Protestant movement? • Where did Calvin establish a theocracy? • How did Calvin seek to control behavior? • Why was John Calvin one of the most important figures of the Reformation?

9. After reading – True or False? • Martin Luther was a French philosopher who urged Church reform. • Luther objected to the Church’s sale of indulgences, or holy relics. • The 95 Theses were Luther’s challenge to the authority of the Catholic Church, which he saw as corrupt. • When Luther refused to take back his statements, the Holy Roman Emperor had him beheaded. • A generation after Luther, a Protestant named John Calvin taught the idea of predestination. • Protestants believed that the Bible should be translated into everyday language so that people could read it for themselves.

10. Section 2:The Counter-Reformation • Focus Question: • How did the Catholic Church respond to the Reformation?

11. See it – remember it • Add to your See It – Remember It Chart • Counter-Reformation p. 512 • Jesuits p. 512 • Ignatius Loyola p. 512 • Council of Trent p. 514

12. The society of jesus • How are the Jesuits like an army? • They have a military organization and demand rigorous training of their members. • How might early saints (St. Clare and St. Francis) have reacted to the Jesuits? • Might have approved of faith, discipline, and helping others • What does the formation of the Jesuits suggest about the effect of Luther’s 95 Theses? • Some Catholics acknowledged that the Church needed change. • How did the Jesuits help restore popular support for the Catholic Church? • Helped the poor, taught Catholic doctrine, led spiritual lives

13. The council of trent • Why did Catholic leaders meet in Trent? • To discuss how the Church should respond to the protests of people like Luther. • At the Council of Trent, what did the Church change and what did it keep the same? • Changed some practices of priests and bishops, kept basic religious teachings • What rights did a person have who was arrested by the inquisition? • None – no legal protection • What steps did the Church take to end abuses and to restore its moral authority? • Reformed some practices; established the Inquisition; banned Protestant books.

14. Section 3:The division of christendom • Focus Question: • How did religious conflict divide Europe?

15. Protestant northern europe • Who was mainly responsible for the founding of the Church of England? • King Henry VIII • Which war was ended by the Treaty of Augsburg? • A war between Catholics and Protestants in Germany • Why do you think Europeans went to war with one another over religious beliefs, instead of allowing freedom of religion? • Which areas of Europe became Protestant during the Reformation? • England, Scotland, and Northern Europe

16. Catholic southern europe • Who do you think was more to blame for the religious conflict in France, the Catholics or the Protestants? Why? • What happened in France on St. Bartholomew’s Day in 1572? • Thousand of Huguenots were killed • What was the Peace of Westphalia? • The treaty that ended the Thirty Years’ War • Do you think a treaty could have ended religious conflict in Europe? Why or why not? • Which part of Europe remained Catholic? • France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Poland-Lithuania, part of Ireland, southern Germany

17. Section 4: The political impact of the reformation • Focus Question: • How did the Reformation affect the way nations were ruled?

18. Royal rulers increase their power • In what ways were secular rulers more powerful than rulers had been before the Reformation? • They now had full power to determine the religion of their nations. They did not have to obey the pope. • How did the religious wars alter Europe's’ power structure? • They strengthened the power of secular rulers and weakened the political power of the papacy.

19. New ways of governing • Why might Louis XIV have been a popular king? • Why might he have been unpopular? • How did the monarchy in England contrast with monarchies in European nations such as France, Austria, and Sweden? • How did the Glorious Revolution prove the power of Parliament? • What about the English Bill of Rights seems familiar to Americans?

20. New ways of governing • Why do you think similarities exist between the English Bill of Rights and the American Bill of Rights? • What political idea did Althusius write about? • federalism • What might be the connection between religious freedom and the desire for political freedom? • What new forms of government grew out of the practices of Protestant churches? • A constitutional monarchy in England; a theocracy in Geneva; eventually, federalism in the United States