SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE TOWARDS A 90% CO 2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS

1. SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURETOWARDS A 90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS EUROHEAT & POWER CONFERENCE BRUSSELS - 5 JUNE 2008 JOAN SABATÉ / CHRISTOPH PETERS

2. Increase of CO2-emissions in Spain 1990 - 2008 Crisis what crisis ?

3. Resources: Materials – Energy - Water Density Multi-functionality Transport Energy Demand, Generation & Distribution

4. Primary 3,8% Service 14,2% Industry 34,9% Residential 12,8% Transport 38,1% Sustainable building design criteria • Use of low environmental impact materials with minimum embodied energy for their production, reuse, recycling or disposal. • Reduction of the building’s energy demand by means of architectural design and special attention to the composition of the building’s envelope. • Use of energy efficient systems for HVAC and lighting and introduction of a Building Management System final energy consumption in 2003 in Catalonia: 15,2 millions tep • Use of natural resources, including rainwater harvesting and grey water reuse, RES.

5. Police Station, Tarragona Micro-trigeneration

6. Catalan Blood and Tissue Bank, Barcelona Aquifer ground water cooling – open loop

7. 60 social housing apartments, Tossa de Mar Geothermal heat pump – closed loop

8. 96 social housing apartments, Barcelona District energy

9. 96 social housing apartments, Barcelona • Urban solid waste incineration, (vapour 30 t/h) • Gas boiler backup (vapour 30 t/h) • Vapour/water heat exchangers (4x 5,000kW) • Absorption chillers (4x 4,500 kW) • Sea water heat exchangers (4x 12,000 kW) • Compression chillers (3x 4,000 kW) • Cold water storage tank (5,000 m3)

10. Installation scheme, District energy network Barcelona

11. Absorption chiller, District energy network Barcelona

12. District energy network Barcelona

13. District energy network Barcelona, installed capacity 2004 - 2011

14. Heat, 2010 Cold, 2010 Reduction in energy consumption compared to conventional individual solutions: 51%

15. Study of the possibilities of reduction of CO2-emissions and its application to a 60 apartment social housing project at Tossa de Mar, Costa Brava, Catalonia

16. Study of the possibilities of reduction of CO2-emissions and its application to a 60 apartment social housing project at Tossa de Mar, Costa Brava, Catalonia

17. Sabaté Associats Balmes 439 1r 1ª T +34 932 531 269 e-mail: saas@saas.cat Arquitectura i sostenibilitat 08022 Barcelona F +34 932 531 646 web: www.saas.cat

21. Methodology: analysis of the overall energy consumption and associated emissions over an expected 50 year building’s lifecycle • Reference building that fulfils minimum requirements of the actual Spanish and Catalan building regulations (CTE / DEE) • Project building with reduced CO2 emissions • respecting two premises: • to focus on building technologies well known regionally • not to exceed the overall construction costs by more than 5% compared to a conventional new building in Catalonia

22. Methodology: Evaluation of the overall performance of the buildings during a life-cycle of 50 years: • Production and transport of materials • Construction process • Operation of the building • Deconstruction process • Reuse and recycling Source image: Sieglinde Fuller National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA

23. Example façades - Cost, weight, embodied energy, associated emissions Sabaté Associats Balmes 439 1r 1ª T +34 932 531 269 e-mail: saas@saas.cat Arquitectura i sostenibilitat 08022 Barcelona F +34 932 531 646 web: www.saas.cat

24. Example roofs - Analysis of 8 alternative systems: Cost, weight, embodied energy, associated emissions For each kind of roof the necessary isolation was used to achieve similar thermal transmittances (U-value between 0,23 and 0,30 W/m2·K).

25. Embodied energy in the materials: Savings of 143 kg CO2/m2 gross floor area, equivalent to 26 % of the emissions of the reference building Use of recycled sands and gravel in foundations and roofs Prefabricated concrete structure Insulation of mineral wool Wooden window frames and solar protections Wooden pathway for apartment access Linoleum flooring

26. The four materials with major impact (steel, concrete, cement and laminated steel) represent almost half of the CO2 – emissions. Project building For any further CO2-reduction concerning the building materials, special attention must be given to reducing underground built volume (parking areas) and using light weight structures.

27. Reduction of 34 % of the energy demand by design • Optimization of block’s orientation and shape • Fixed solar protections - balconies • Increase of insulation and use of wooden carpentry • Use of thermal inertia of roof slabs and ceilings ECOTECT, LIDER, TRNSYS

28. Highly efficient energy systems Reduction of 72% of energy consumption for HVAC and DHW • Centralized productionand storage of heat and cold. • Solar thermal installation (SF DHW 50%) • Geothermal heat pumps • (70% of the peak power, meeting 90% of the demand) • Auxiliary gas boilers

29. Reduction of CO2 emissions during the building’s lifecycle: 40 % !

30. “El primer pas” – “The first step” Pavilion on Sustainability – Construmat 2007 Departament de Medi Ambient i Habitatge Generalitat de Catalunya PAuS – Plataforma Arquitectura i Sostenibilitat

32. Actual housing stock Lack of insulation Heat bridges Lack of solar protection Reduced efficiency of HVAC, DHW, and lighting systems CO2 emissions: 58,90 kg CO2/ m2 Reduction %: 0 %

33. Actual housing stock 0.75 W/m2K \ transmittance 316.28 Kg/m2 \ weight 50.67 kg CO2/m2 \ emissions 79.67 €/m2 \ cost 1.13 W/m2K \ transmittance 280.86 Kg/m2 \ weight 58.40 kg CO2/m2 \ emissions 61.82 €/m2 \ cost

34. Actual housing stock 0.78 W/m2K \ transmittance 438.60 Kg/m2 \ weight 97.80 kg CO2/m2 \ emissions 97.33 €/m2 \ cost

35. Housing according to recent legislation, CTE / DEE Increase of thermal insulation Incorporation of thermal inertia Improved solar control Improvement of the energy efficiency of the HVAC installations Solar thermal installation for DHW Energy efficiency lighting Water saving measures CO2 emissions: 52,70 kg CO2/ m2 Reduction %: 11%

36. Housing according to recent legislation, CTE / DEE 0.51 W/m2K \ transmittance 402.86 Kg/m2 \ weight 62.17 kg CO2/m2 \ emissions 104.72 €/m2 \ cost 0.55 W/m2K \ transmittance 312.18 Kg/m2 \ weight 94.17 kg CO2/m2 \ emissions 73.26 €/m2 \ cost

37. Energy efficient housing 30% energy demand reduction compared to actual building code CTE by bioclimatic design and reduction of thermal transmittance Highly energy efficient HVAC systems with COP > 4 or equivalent emissions Rainwater harvesting and/or reuse of greywater CO2 emissions: 32,20 kg CO2/ m2 Reduction %: 45 %

38. Energy efficient housing 0.36 W/m2K \ transmittance 247.40 Kg/m2 \ weight 65.56 kg CO2/m2 \ emissions 159.94 €/m2 \ cost 0.26 W/m2K \ transmittance 683.16 Kg/m2 \ weight 157.72 kg CO2/m2 \ emissions 153.39 €/m2 \ cost

39. Very energy efficient housing with low embodied energy Use of low environmental impact materials with preference to recycled or of organic origin: wood, etc. Elimination of underground parking Reduction of thermal transmittance: Façades, roofs U < 0,3 W/m2K, windows U < 1,7 W/m2K CO2 emissions: 15,30 kg CO2/ m2 Reduction %: 74 %

40. Very energy efficient housing with low embodied energy 0.37 W/m2K \ transmittance 56.00 Kg/m2 \ weight 10.09 kg CO2/m2 \ emissions 160.72 €/m2 \ cost 0.30 W/m2K \ transmittance 82.30 Kg/m2 \ weight -50.81 kg CO2/m2 \ emissions 134.77 €/m2 \ cost

41. Very energy efficient housing with low embodied energy 0.22 W/m2K \ transmittance 159.87 Kg/m2 \ weight -39,76 kg CO2/m2 \ emissions 188.89 €/m2 \ cost

42. Factor 10 Increase of renewable energy sources: solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, biomass, biogas, etc. Very highly efficient energy systems CO2 emissions: 5,90 kg CO2/ m2 Reduction %: 90 %

43. Factor 10 0.25 W/m2K \ transmittance 174.05 Kg/m2 \ weight 30.32 kg CO2/m2 \ emissions 121.07 €/m2 \ cost

44. High energy efficient retrofitting Reduction of thermal transmittance, façades and roofs U < 0,3 W/m2K, windows U < 1,7 W/m2K Reduction of heat bridges Improvement of solar protection Incorporation of RES: photovoltaic, biomass, biogas, etc. Highly energy efficient HVAC systems CO2 emissions: 15,30 kg CO2/ m2 Reduction %: 74 %

46. Conclusions A 50% reduction of CO2-emissions in social housing is absolutely feasible, using in Catalonia well established technology and with an additional cost of less than 5% The life-cycle analysis is a necessary methodology to check the overall emissions of buildings as the embodied energy and CO2-emissions of materials are of significant importance Any further effort for reduction of CO2-emissions in buildings must therefore consider lighter constructions and materials of less environmental impact. 90% reduction of CO2-emissions incorporating high efficiency equipment and use of renewable energies for thermal demand and electricity generation To advance in this direction and increase sustainability in the housing sector it is necessary to widen existing building design concepts, technologies and administrative and legal approaches.

47. 60 apartment social housing project authors SaAS Joan Sabaté and Horacio Espeche Federico Pesland Neus Ayza Christoph Peters Ana Moreno Miquel Angel Sala, BOMA Oriol Vidal Susana Kamiya architects in charge responsible research budget control structures installations landscape study on reduction of CO2 emissions directors energy demand and consumption embodied energy SaAS,SO Joan Sabaté, Albert Cuchí Jordina Vidal, Sergi Cantos, Fabian López and M. Á. Pascual Albert Sagrera and Ana Moreno Balmes 439, 1r 1a E 08022 Barcelona T +34 932 531 269 F +34 932 531 646 www.saas.cat www.saas.cat