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Courchesne et al. (2000)

Courchesne et al. (2000). 116 subjects; 19 months – 80 years old Normal, healthy Anatomical MRI images collected Images parsed into CSF, gray, and white matter Automated procedure that measures pixel signal intensity. Courchesne et al. (2000). White matter volume.

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Courchesne et al. (2000)

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  1. Courchesne et al. (2000) • 116 subjects; 19 months – 80 years old • Normal, healthy • Anatomical MRI images collected • Images parsed into CSF, gray, and white matter • Automated procedure that measures pixel signal intensity

  2. Courchesne et al. (2000) • White matter volume

  3. Courchesne et al. (2000) • Gray matter volume

  4. Courchesne et al. (2000) • Gray matter volume • Increases until 7-8 years • Then decreases 5% per decade until 80 years • Pruning back of unneeded neurons • Perceptual narrowing

  5. Pascalis et al. (2002) • 6-month olds, 9-month olds, and adults • Measure looking time while viewing pairs of faces

  6. Looking-time Experiment

  7. Pascalis et al. (2002) Novel Familiar Familiarize 5 seconds Retention 5 seconds Test 10 seconds Break 30 seconds Time

  8. Pascalis et al. (2002) Novel Familiar Familiarize 5 seconds Retention 5 seconds Test 10 seconds Break 30 seconds Time

  9. Pascalis et al. (2002) 6 months 9 months Adults Novel Familiar Looking Time (seconds) Face Face Face

  10. Pascalis et al. (2002) • 6-month olds, 9-month olds, and adults • Measure looking time while viewing pairs of faces • 6-month olds discriminate monkey faces; 9- month olds and adults do not • Example of perceptual narrowing

  11. Kelly et al. (2007) • 3-month olds, 6-month olds, and 9-month olds • Caucasian • Measure looking time while viewing pairs of faces • African • Middle Eastern • Chinese • Caucasian

  12. Kelly et al. (2007) Novel Familiar Familiarize Retention Test Break Time

  13. Kelly et al. (2007) Novel Familiar Familiarize Retention Test Break Time

  14. Kelly et al. (2007) * * * * * * * * = significantly greater than chance (50%)

  15. Kelly et al. (2007) • 3-month olds, 6-month olds, and 9-month olds • Caucasian • Measure looking time while viewing pairs of faces • African • Middle Eastern • Chinese • Caucasian • Own-race bias develops by 9-months of age • Example of perceptual narrowing • Can perception be re-broadened?

  16. Anzureset al. (2012) • 8-10-month olds • Caucasian • Little/no experience with Asian faces • Experimental group • Provide experience with Asian faces every day for 3 weeks • Watch video of two Asian females speaking and singing

  17. Anzureset al. (2012) • Asian faces video

  18. Anzureset al. (2012) • 8-10-month olds • Caucasian • Little/no experience with Asian faces • Experimental group • Provide experience with Asian faces every day for 3 weeks • Watch video of two Asian females speaking and singing • Control group • Provide experience with Caucasian faces every day for 3 weeks • Watch video of two Caucasian females speaking and singing

  19. Anzureset al. (2012) • Caucasian faces video

  20. Anzures et al. (2012) Novel Familiar Familiarize Retention Test Break Time

  21. Anzures et al. (2012) Novel Familiar Familiarize Retention Test Break Time

  22. Anzureset al. (2012) • Female Asian faces

  23. Anzureset al. (2012) • Male Asian faces

  24. Anzureset al. (2012) • A little exposure (8 minutes per day for 21 days) to other-race faces improves perceptual discrimination for faces of that race • Re-broadening of perception

  25. Burgund et al. (2006) • 67 native English speakers/readers • 6 - 19 years old • Letter/pseudoletter matching task

  26. Burgund et al. (2006)

  27. Burgund et al. (2006) • 67 native English speakers/readers • 6 - 19 years old • Letter/pseudoletter matching task • Increased speed with age • Advantage for letters compared to pseudoletters emerges around 13 years old • Example of perceptual narrowing for “artificial” stimuli later in life

  28. Plasticity • Motor cortex • Karni et al. (1995)

  29. Karni et al. (1995) • Practice finger-thumb touching sequence for 10 – 20 minutes a day for five weeks • Got faster and more accurate with practice • Use fMRI to examine activity in motor cortex for trained compared to untrained sequences

  30. Karni et al. (1995) Trained Sequences Untrained Sequences

  31. Karni et al. (1995) • Practice finger-thumb touching sequence for 10 – 20 minutes a day for five weeks • Got faster and more accurate with practice • Use fMRI to examine activity in motor cortex for trained compared to untrained sequences • Greater activity for trained than untrained • Lasted 10 – 21 weeks without additional training

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