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Cells and Energy

Cells and Energy. Chapter 4 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration 4.6 Fermentation. Chemical Energy and ATP. ATP is needed for most ALL processes in the cell

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Cells and Energy

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  1. Cells and Energy Chapter 4 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration 4.6 Fermentation

  2. Chemical Energy and ATP • ATP is needed for most ALL processes in the cell • Molecules in food like starch, sugars, and fats store energy in the bonds Starch molecule Glucose molecule

  3. ATP transfersthe energy from food to the cell function • Break bonds – Release energy • ATP ADP + P • Form bonds – store energy • ADP + P ATP

  4. ATP, ADP, AMP A = Adenosine P = Phosphate ADP ATP ATP- fully charged ADP- half charged AMP- uncharged T = Tri= Three D = Di- Two M = Mono= One Energy Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery

  5. Where does ATP come from? • Living things have to break down carbon compoundsto make ATP • We digest food: break down to carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins Lipids 146 ATP Carbohydrates = 36 ATP Proteins- usually broken down into amino acids - about the same amt of ATP as carbs

  6. Plants don’t eat… • Where do they get their food? • PHOTOSYNTHESIS! Process by which plants convert LIGHT ENERGY into CHEMICAL ENERGY (sugars) LIGHT FOOD

  7. How do you get energy? • Autotroph: Maketheir own food • Heterotroph: need to CONSUMEfood • Chemoautotroph: Do not Eat. Do not go through Photosynthesis. CHEMOSYNTHESIS- use CHEMICAL ENERGY to make ATP. • Live near cracks of ocean floor • Energy comes from chemicals • Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

  8. Section 4.1 Review Autotroph—makes own food Heterotroph—needs to eat food • What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph? • How are ADP and ATP related? • What is the use of chemicals for asource of energy known as? ADP is missing a phosphate (and energy) ATP has all 3 phosphate and lots of energy They go back and forth Chemosynthesis

  9. 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis • Producers make their own food • Plants are producers. • Photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight to make sugars. light carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen

  10. Where does photosynthesis happen? Chloroplast! • Go inside a chloroplast. • Find a Thylakoid– disc-like • Inside the thylakoid - Chlorophyllis a molecule that absorbs light energy.

  11. Two Processes of Photosynthesis • Light Dependent Reaction • Calvin Cycle

  12. Overview Light Dependent Reaction H2O (Water) O2 (Oxygen) ATP NADPH CO2 Carbon dioxide Glucose C6H12O6 Calvin Cycle

  13. Overview of Photosynthesis Light Dependent Reaction 1. Chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight. • Wateris brokendown • Oxygenis released • Oxygen leaves the plant and goes into the air • ATP and NADPH are made to FUEL the Calvin cycle • Calvin Cycle • CO2is added to a cycle of reactions to build larger molecules (ATP and NADPH are used) • A molecule of simple sugar is formed • Glucose (C6H12O6) 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

  14. Section 4.2 Review • What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis? • What goes into the light reactions? What comes out as a waste product? What is given off that is needed to power the Calvin Cycle. • What goes into the dark reactions? What comes out as a useful product? What else comes out that is needed for the light reactions? Absorbs energy from sunlight IN: light and water Waste OUT: Oxygen OUT: ATP and NAPDH IN: CO2, ATP and NADPH OUT Product: Glucose (C6H12O6) OUT: ADP and NADP+

  15. mitochondrion animal cell 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration • There is LOTS of energy available in GLUCOSE--FOOD. • If all the energy in food was released at once, you would blow up! • Energy has to be released and CAPTURED- a little bit at a time • Requirements: OXYGEN! • Where? In the mitochondria

  16. Big Picture

  17. Glycolysis- splitting sugar • First Step • anaerobic process (does not require oxygen) • takes place in cytoplasm • splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules • produces some ATP molecules in the process

  18. Cellular Respiration: Mirror Image of Photosynthesis

  19. If there IS Oxygen: Two Stages of Cellular Respiration Occur • Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • O2Required • Makes LOTS of ATP • H2O made as waste product • Krebs cycle • Breaks up the compounds from Glycolysis • Makes some ATP • Makes more molecules that carry energy to send to the ETC • Produces CO2

  20. Cellular Respiration • Kreb’s Cycle • Electron Transport Chain With Oxygen Glycolysis Without Oxygen • Fermentation • Alcoholic or Lactic Acid

  21. If there is NO Oxygen?? • Fermentation occurs • No more ATP is made.

  22. Fermentation • Two types • _______________ fermentation (Products: CO2 and Alcohol) • __________ ________ fermentation (Product: Lactic acid) Alcoholic Lactic acid

  23. Section 4.4 Review—Part A Cytoplasm IN: Glucose OUT: 2 ATP & 2 - 3 carbon molecules No oxygen present; to allow for glycolysis to continue Lactic acid Alcoholic Where does glycolysis take place? What goes into glycolysis? What comes out of glycolysis? Why does fermentation occur? What are the two different types of fermentation?

  24. Section 4.4 Review—Part B Mitochondria IN: 3 carbon molecules OUT: ATP, CO2 IN: Energy Storing compounds and Oxygen OUT: Water and ATP!!! Reactants of one are basically the products of the other Where does Cellular respiration take place? What goes into the Kreb’s cycle? What comes out? What goes into electron transport? What comes out? How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?

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