Download
1 / 67
680 likes | 939 Views
Unit 1 Notes!!!!!!!!!. Science!!!!. Diffusion is the process that moves particles from areas of high concentration, spreading them to areas of low concentration. Diffusion. Definition – the process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time.
E N D
Science!!!! • Diffusion is the process that moves particles from areas of high concentration, spreading them to areas of low concentration.
Diffusion • Definition – the process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time. • Easier definition – how ideas or objects spread • 2 Kinds of Diffusion • Relocation Diffusion • Expansion Diffusion
Relocation Diffusion • The spread of an idea or objects through a fairly permanent physical movement • Still happens today, but much less important. • Example – colonizing Australia
Expansion Diffusion • The spreading of ideas/objects through non-permanent physical contact. • 3 Types • Hierarchichal diffusion • Contagious diffusion • Stimulus Diffusion
Expansion Diffusion • Hierarchichal diffusion • The spread of an idea from important/powerful people to less important people from big, important places to smaller, less important places. • Example: Starbucks • The map partly shows it, but they would expand locally, they expanded to where there was demand (mainly from large city to large city and then spreading outward.) • The spread of Walmart is reverse hierarchical – from small, unimportant places to bigger. • There’s still no Walmart on the island of Manhattan
Contagious Diffusion • The rapid, widespread diffusion throughout a population. • Like the spread of a disease (hence, contagious) • Example: Spread of Islam
Stimulus Diffusion • When part of an idea is spread, but not the whole idea itself. • Example: None of the Indian tribes in the what is today the USA had written language in Pre-Columbian times. Many however developed written languages after coming in contact with Europeans • Example: McDonalds serves lamb in India as cows are sacred to Hindus.
What is Geography? • Defined: description of the Earth’s surface and the people and processes that shape its landscapes • Literally means “earth writing” • Greeks were first to study and classify geography • During the Middle Ages Europe “ignored” geographic education but other countries in Asia and the Islamic World continued to learn about and study the world around them • The Age of Exploration re-opened Europe to the idea of geography and world understanding
Cultural Ecology • Cultural Ecology – the study of how humans and the environment interact • Old central theory – environmental determinism • Current central theory – environmental possibilism
The ideas of environmental determinism date way back to 64 BC, but don’t really coalesce into a coherent idea until the late 1800s. • Geographers wondered why Europeans had become so much more advanced than the rest of the world. • Native Americans, Sub-Saharan Africans, Aboriginal Australians, and New Guineans have been largely pushed aside by Europeans. Why?
Some people decide it’s because they have better genes. • In other words the belief that white people are better, stronger, smarter, etc. • Leads to things like eugenics. • More charitable (though still wrong people) will say it’s because of the environment in Europe, which leads to a school of thought called environmental determinism. • In other words, white people are not smarter, they’ve just been living in places that make it easier to thrive.
Environmental determinism • Definition - the belief that the environment causes ALL cultural development. • Determinists believe that individual decisions and social conditions have virtually no impact on the way societies develop. • According to determinists, how well your society develops is 100% dependent on where you live. • However, due to it’s Eurocentric bias and some flaws in the theory, it had largely been dropped by the 1940s when it returns in a mutated form as . . .
Environmental possibilism • Definition – the belief that the environment can limit a culture’s growth, however, but that people create culture as a group. • A softer view of environmental determinism, using some of the same ideas without all the harshness! • A lot of the discussion of the subject has died down as it’s often seen as racist, but some still say possibilism is a good way to explain European dominance in the world.
What the heck is the cultural landscape, anyway? • Carl Sauer – “The cultural landscape is fashioned from a natural landscape by a cultural group. Culture is the agent, the natural are the medium, the cultural landscape is the result. ” • That’s beautiful. Let’s try something a little more precise: • The cultural landscape consists of material aspects of culture that characterize Earth’s surface.
Material aspects of culture that characterize Earth’s surface. • Buildings • Shrines • Signage • Economic and agricultural structures • Crops and agricultural fields • Transportation systems • Physical things • Sports and recreational facilities • Some would include people whose appearance shows their culture Maracanã Stadium, Brazil Green Revolution Farm, Ghana Burj al Arab Hotel, UAE Bank of England, UK Central Park, USA Times Square, USA Kyoto Knife Shrine, Japan Front Runner Train, USA Moai, Easter Island
Map Generalization • To create a useful map, you have to do some generalization. • Creating a map with every possible bit of information on it will create a useless map • It will be too cluttered to be easily read • Very few people are looking for EVERYTHING at the same time, rather usually a specific thing. • Generalizing a map means excluding information that isn’t directly involved in what you’re planning for your map to accomplish.
Map Generalization Type 1 • Induction • When map users add outside information and make conclusions. The mountains get the most precipitation in Utah!
Map Generalization Type 2 • Symbolization • Choosing the best symbols to accurately portray the data on the map.
Map Generalization Type 3 • Simplification • Leaving off (or minimizing) details that will confuse the audience or make the map cluttered. After simplification Before simplification
Map Generalization Type 4 • Categorization (sometimes classification) • Deciding where to break the data into categories.
Understanding Distribution through class size! • Arrangements of a feature in space • “how things are arranged” • 3 Types of Distribution • Density • How many things per how much space • Density = class size • How many students per classroom
Canada’s Population Density This is the end, BTW.
Distribution • Concentration • How closely packed together objects are • Clustered – tightly packed together • Dispersed – loosely packed together • Where are the students sitting in relation to each other. • You can have clustered concentration but low density.
Distribution • Pattern • Geometric arrangements in space. • Are the students arranged in a specific way?
Location • The position that something occupies on Earth’s surface. • Place Name • Toponym • Site • Physical characteristics of a place • Situation • Relative location – where it is from someplace else • Mathematical Location • Latitude and Longitude/GPS Coordinates
GPS & GIS • Global Positioning System • Satellites can pinpoint your location anywhere on the Earth • Geographic Information System • A system to create, analyze, and manipulate many different types of geographic data • Just think Google Earth
Region • Any area larger than a point, but smaller than a planet. • Classroom 224 – no • Davis County – yes!
Major Regions of the World Also could be the region Latin America
Formal Region • An area that has the same (or nearly the same) of a specific characteristics. • All official government areas (states, counties, etc.) are formal regions. • Speaking of states, everyone needs to know that in the rest of the world, a state is a country. They generally use the term province for what we think of as states. When talking about the world, a state is a country!
Formal Region BOOM!
Functional Region • An area centered around a node or focal point. • The node is very influential in the center, less so the farther out you go.
Vernacular Region • An area where there is perceived to be a grouping of similarity.
From 3D Globe to 2D Map • Maps get around the “orange peel problem” by distorting the Earth’s features in one of four ways: • Distance – Are locations the same length apart on the map and in real life? • Direction – Is straight up on the map always north? • Shape – Do the outlines of countries look right? • Area – Are areas the same size on the map as they are in real life?
The projections that you need to know! Azimuthal Equidistant, Mercator, Mollweide, Lambert Conic, Robinson, Lambert Conic, Gall-Peters, WinkelTripel, Interrupted GoodeHomolosine
Azimuthal Equidistant Projection • Abū al-Rayhān Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Bīrūnī one of the greatest scholars of the medieval Islamic era and was well versed in physics, mathematics, astronomy, and natural sciences, and also distinguished himself as a historian, chronologist and linguist. Abūcreated the first known Azimuthal Equidistant Projection sometime around 1000 CE. • Distorts: Area and Shape (but mostly far from the center of the map) • Maintains: Distance and Direction from the center of the map • Strengths: • You can accurately measure distance either from or through the center of the map. • Useful for pilots if the map is centered at their starting place. • Weaknesses: • Crazy distorted the farther out you get. • Distance and direction only measurable at or through the center. Missed Picture Day And Re-Take Day
Check out my sweet hat! I’ve got it going on! Mercator Projection • Since it was created in1569 by Gerardus Mercator, it has been a mainstay of maps of the world • Distorts: Distance, shape, and area • Maintains: Direction • Strengths: • Navigating the oceans • Not much else (unless you count being rectangular) • Weaknesses: • You rarely see Mercator projections showing all the way to the poles because it is so distorted at the poles. • Africa is actually 14x larger than Greenland. • Antarctica is only the 5th largest continent, not ginormous.
Mollweide Projection • Karl Mollweide invented in 1805 but didn’t become popular as a projection until 1857, more than 30 years after he died. • Distorts: Distance, shape, and direction • Maintains: Area • Strengths: • You can accurately compare landmasses (hey, Greenland is only about the size of Mexico!) • Weaknesses: • Where Mercator distorts size like crazy, Mollweide distorts shape, smushing towards the poles Missed Picture Day And Re-Take Day
Lambert Conic Projection • First created by J.H. Lambert in 1772 by Swiss mathematician, physicist, philosopher, and astronomer, became popular during WWI. • Distorts: Everything farther away from the line where the “cone” touches the globe. • Maintains: Everything close to the line where the “cone” meets the “globe.” • Strengths: • One of the projections most commonly used by pilots to plot courses • Great for intermediate scale maps -shows mid-latitude areas like the United States and Canada with very little distortion • Weaknesses: • Poor choice for world maps – way too much distortion farther out! Missed Picture Day And Re-Take Day
Believe it or not, I was quite popular with the ladies. I got invited to all the cool parties so I could explain my projection! Robinson Projection • Created by Arthur H. Robinson in 1961, used by National Geographic from 1988 to 1998. • Distorts: Everything! (but only a little) • Maintains: Nothing! (It’s a compromise) • Strengths: • Still distorted at poles, but as you move towards the equator, it quickly becomes much less distorted. • And who really cares about the poles anyway? (REALLY, not too many people do) • As a compromise it does everything pretty well, but nothing great. • Weaknesses: • As a compromise it does everything pretty well, but nothing superb. • The WinkelTripel projection is overall better (at least according to National Geographic.) Not us! Missed Picture Day And Re-Take Day
Gall-Peters Projection • New method of making 2D map of 3D world invented by James Gall (an astronomer who used it to map the stars) in 1855. • Arno Peters invents it again in 1967! (Most likely, he knew nothing about the Gall projection because he was not a cartographer, but a film-maker.) • Peters became interested in mapmaking to create a map that showed that the developing world (poorer countries around the equator) aren’t less important that the rich ones (generally in the north, stretched out by Mercator maps). • He campaigned against what he called “cartographic imperialism.” • Distorts: Shape, Distance • Maintains: Area, Direction • Strengths: • Supporters claim Gall-Peters is not racist (implying that Mercator maps are) and shows the world the way it should be! • Weaknesses: • Mercator maps had been largely discarded by geographers by the time Peters came around. • It has similar problems to Mercator, only exchanging shape for area. • There’s also the whole thing with him “inventing” something that had already been invented. Missed Picture Day And Re-Take Day
WinkelTripel Projection • Oswald Winkel was a man with a mission – make a map that minimized distortion! By golly, he did! His tripel projection from 1921 (triple in German, his third projection) is currently used by the National Geographic Society for world maps. • Distorts: Everything (but minimizes distortion of area, direction, and distance) • Maintains: Nothing (but area, direction, and distance are pretty close.) • Strengths: It’s good at everything, but perfect at nothing. • Weaknesses: It’s good at everything, but perfect at nothing. This is NOT Oswald Winkel, who apparently was camera shy. This is Oswald Von Wolkensteinwho popped up on the search results and just seemed really interesting. Missed Picture Day And Re-Take Day
Interrupted GoodeHomolosine Projection • John Paul Goode created the his interrupted projection in 1908. • Distorts: Most obviously, the surface of the Earth is not divided into chunks, also distance, direction, shape • Maintains: Area • Strengths: • Very useful in human geography because of lack of concern about the ocean. Rubenstein uses it extensively. • Thematic maps about language, population, or government • Or it can be great for ocean geography too! • Weaknesses: • The “orange peel” problem is obvious – the map is not continuous. Missed Picture Day And Re-Take Day
