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Study of MPPC Performance and R&D Status for the GLD Calorimeter Readout

This study explores the performance and R&D status of the Multi-Pixel Photon Counter (MPPC) for the GLD Calorimeter readout. The MPPC is a promising photon sensor with high gain, good photon detection efficiency, compact size, and low cost. The study evaluates its performance in terms of gain, noise rate, cross-talk, temperature dependence, and device variation. The results show that the MPPC has the potential to be used in the GLD Calorimeter readout, with some improvements needed in its dynamic range. The study also mentions the commercialization of the MPPC and future plans for its development.

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Study of MPPC Performance and R&D Status for the GLD Calorimeter Readout

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  1. Study of the MPPC performance- R&D status for the GLD calorimeter readout –http://ppwww.phys.sci.kobe-u.ac.jp/~kawagoe/gldcal/index.php?MPPC Satoru Uozumi Shinshu University, Japan for the GLD Calorimeter group and KEK Detector Technology Project / Photon Sensor Group Nov 6-10 2006 International Linear Collider Workshop Valencia

  2. The Multi Pixel Photon Counter (MPPC)- A novel semiconductor photon sensor - • High Gain (105~106) • Good Photon Detection • Efficiency (25~65%) • Compact • (package size ~ a few mm) • Low Cost • Magnetic-field tolerant • High dark noise • (order of 100-1000 kHz) • Response against input • light yield is non-linear ~ 1 mm Depletion region ~ 2 mm Substrate Si Resistor Vbias Guard ring n- p+ n+ Al conductor p- The MPPC is a still developing, but promising device ! substrate p+

  3. The MPPC is drastically evolving … Sometime in future • Larger sensor area • More number of pixels • And perhaps more… Jan. 2006 • 100/400/1600 pixels • Smaller pixel size results in more number of pixels Oct. 2006 • 100/400/1600 pixels commercialized • Improved Gain and dark noise Mar. 2005 • 100/400 pixels • First sample from Hamamatsu ?

  4. The New MPPC Sample 4 mm • Latest 1600 pixel MPPC • 20 samples arrived in October. • Very compact plastic package suitable for attaching to scintillator strips. • (this package is customized for our ECAL module, and not going to be commercialized) • 500 more for ECAL beam test will be arrived in this month. 1.3 mm 3 mm Front Side Scintillator strip WLS fiber MPPC 1 x 1 mm Side view

  5. New 1600 pixel sample Excellent photon counting ability 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7, . . . Photoelectrons ! Old 1600pixel sample ~ 25 mm

  6. Performance of the latest 1600 pixel MPPC • Gain, Noise Rate, Cross-Talk • Device-by-device variation • Temperature dependence • All results are yet preliminary

  7. Variation of the Gain over 20 samples Mean : 23.82 fF Variation ~ 3.1 % 20 samples @ 25 oC Mean : 75.55 V Variation : 0.22 V Gain = C (Vbias-V0) / e C : Pixel capacity V0 : Breakdown voltage Good Uniformity !

  8. Temperature dependence of the Gain • 30 oC • 25 oC • 20 oC • 15 oC • 10 oC • 0 oC • -20 oC • Breakdown voltage is linear to temperature. • Thus the temperature change affects to the over-voltage ( = Vbias-V0(T)). • g eventually affects to all the MPPC properties. DV0/DT = (57.3 0.1) (mV/oC)

  9. Variation of the Noise Rate Cross-talk • Dark counting rate with threshold of 0.5 and 1.5 photoelectron. • Test 20 samples @ 25 oC 20 samples @ 25 oC > 0.5 p.e. > 1.5 p.e.

  10. Temperature dependence of theNoise Rate / Cross-talk > 0.5 p.e. • 30 oC • 25 oC • 20 oC • 15 oC • 10 oC • 0 oC • -20 oC • 30 oC • 25 oC • 20 oC • 15 oC • 10 oC • 0 oC • -20 oC • Lower temperature g lower dark noise • Cross-talk is not affected by temperature change.

  11. KEK Detector Technology ProjectPhoton Sensor Group(http://rd.kek.jp/)(KEK, Kobe, Kyoto, Nagoya, Nara-WU, NDA, Shinshu, Tokyo/ICEPP, Tsukuba) • Develop and study the MPPC with Hamamatsu • Aiming to have satisfactory performance to use at : • GLD calorimeter • T2K near detector • Belle Aerogel Cerenkov Counter • Provide important feedbacks to Hamamatsu for improvement of fundamental properties

  12. News : The MPPCs are finally on catalog ! (Numbers from HPK catalog) • Hamamastu will start to deliver the MPPC in early 2007. • See following page for more information: http://jp.hamamatsu.com/en/hamamatsu/press/2006/2006_10_26.html

  13. Summary • We now have the new 1600 pixel MPPCs for the GLD EMCAL test module. • Performance of the new MPPC is sufficient for EMCAL beam test. • Gain (2-8)x105, Noise Rate 50-300kHz, Cross-talk prob. < 2-20% • However properties are sensitive to temperature change. g Need temperature control / monitoring at practical use. • The MPPC is being commercialized soon ! • Measure properties of 500 samples used for the scintillator-W EMCAL module (will arrive in this month). • Practical use for the calorimeter readout at the coming beam test ( g next talk ) • The MPPC R&D will be continued until we achieve the necessary performance for the GLD calorimeter readout. • Improvement of the dynamic range (num. of pixels) is especially important! • Also need to measure non-linearity, stability, robustness to have deeper understanding of the device. Plans

  14. Backups

  15. Photon Detection Efficiency by Hamamatsu

  16. １６００ pixel MPPC ~25 m • Introduced by KEK-Detector Technology Project • YAG Laser,  = 532 nm (green) • Pulse width~2nsec, rate ~ 8 kHz • Spot size ~ 1m • Light yield ~ 0.5 p.e. (not calibrated) • Can perform precise pinpoint scan with the well-focused laser • Measurement with Microscopic Laser System Laser spot

  17. The MPPC performance The MPPC looks feasible for theGLD Calorimeter readout!

  18. Required performance for the GLD Calorimeter • Gain: ~ Best to have 106 , at least 105 • Dynamic range: can measure ~1000 p.e. • satisfactory to measure EM shower maximum • need > 2500 pixels • Photon Detection Efficiency ~ 30 % • to distinguish MIP signal • Noise rate : ~ 1 MHz (threshold = 0.5 p.e., threshold =1.5 p.e is also acceptable) • good uniformity, small cross-talk • Timing Resolution ~ 1 nsec • Necessary for bunch ID, slow neutron separation • Sensor area: 1.5 x 1.5 mm • suitable for 1.5 mmf fiber • Should be stable against bias voltage / temperature / time

  19. R&D Status @ GLD Calorimeter • The MPPC performance looks feasible for the GLD calorimeter readout, but still not sufficient. • Need study and improvement of the fundamental property to achieve our goal. • Now we are measuring performance of latest 400 / 1600 pixel MPPC prototypes provided by Hamamatsu. • Based on its results, we provide feedback to Hamamatsu to have improved sample. Evaluate performance of the MPPC prototypes Provide feedback to HPK Improved samples from HPK

  20. Setup

  21. Response / Correction curves ( with small cross-talk ) R(p;Npe) R-1(p;Nfired) p=0.1 p=0.1 p=0 (no cross-talk) Response curve Correction curve

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