Chapter 6

1. Chapter 6 Prepared by Iggy Isiorho for Dr. Isiorho Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks Index

2. On pg. 121 

3. Sediment • Sediment – Loose, solid particles that can originate by (1) weathering and erosion of preexisting rocks, (2) chemical precipitation from solution, usually in water, and (3) secretion by organisms. • Fig. 6.1 

4. Size Matters • Gravel – Rounded particles coarser than 2 mm in diameter. • Sand – Sediment composed of particles with a diameter. • Silt – Sediment composed of particles with a diameter of 1/256 to 1/16 mm. • Clay – Sediment composed of particles with diameter less than 1/256 mm. (Table 6.1) 

5. Transportation • Rounding – The grinding away of sharp edges and corners of rock fragments during transportation. • Sorting – Process of selection and separation of sediment grains according to their grain size for grain shape or specific gravity. • Fig. 6.2 

6. Deposition • Deposition – The settling or coming to rest of transported material. Fig. 6.3Fig. 6.4 • One of the most important jobs of geologists studying sedimentary rocks is to try to determine the ancient environment of deposition of the sediment that formed the rock. 

7. Lithification • Lithification is the general term for a group of processes that convert loose sediment into sedimentary rock. Most sedimentary rocks are lithified by a combination of compaction, which packs loose sediment grains tightly together, and cementation, in which the precipitation of cement around sediment grains binds them into a firm, coherent rock. Crystallization of minerals from solution, without passing through the loose-sediment stage, is another way that rocks may be lithified. 

8. Fig. 6.6 

9. Crystallization • Crystallization – Crystal development and growth. • Crystalline texture – An arrangement of interlocking crystals. • Fig. 6.7 

10. Types of Sedimentary Rocks • Clastic sedimentary rocks • Chemical sedimentary rocks • Organic sedimentary rocks 

11. Clastic Rocks • Sedimentary Breccia – A coarse-grained sedimentary rock (grains coarser than 2 mm) formed by the cementation of angular rubble. (Fig. 6.8) • Conglomerate – A coarse-grained sedimentary rock (grains coarser than 2 mm) formed by the cementation of rounded gravel. (Fig. 6.9) • Sandstone – A medium-grained sedimentary rock (grains between 1/16 and 2 mm) formed by the cementation of sand grains. (Fig. 6.10) • Matrix – Fine-grained material found in the pore space between larger sediment grains. (Fig. 6.12) • Turbidity currents – A flowing mass of sediment laden water that is heavier than clear water and therefore flows downslope along the bottom of the sea or a lake. (Fig. 6.13) Back

12. Fig. 6.8 Back

13. Fig. 6.9 Back

14. Fig. 6.10 Back

15. Fig. 6.12 Back

16. Fig. 6.13 Back

17. Clastic Rock II • Rocks consisting of fine-grained silt and clay are called shale, siltstone, claystone, and mudstone. • Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock notable for its splitting capability (called fissility). (Fig. 6.14) • Fine-grained rocks such as shale typically undergo pronounced compaction as they lithify. (Fig. 6.15) • A rock consisting mostly of silt grains is called siltstone. Somewhat coarser-grained than most shales siltstones lack the fissility and laminations of shale. Claystone is a rock composed predominately of clay-sized particles, but lacking the fissility of shale. Mudstone contains both silt and clay, having the same grain size and smooth feel of shale but lacking shale’s laminations and fissility. Back

18. Fig. 6.14 Back

19. Fig. 6.15 Back

20. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks • Chemical sedimentary rocks have been precipitated from an aqueous environment. Chemical sedimentary rocks are either precipitated directly by inorganic processes or by the actions of organisms. • Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed mostly of calcite. Limestones are either precipitated by the actions of organisms or are precipitated directly as the result of inorganic processes. The two major types of limestone can be classified as either biochemical or inorganic limestone. Fig. 6.18Fig. 6.20Fig. 6.22Table 6.26.1 Back

21. Fig. 6.18 Back

22. Fig. 6.20 Back

23. Fig. 6.22 Back

24. Table 6.2 Back

25. 6.1 Back

26. Organic Sedimentary Rocks • Coal – A sedimentary rock formed from the consolidation of plant material. It is rich in carbon, usually black, and burns readily. • Fig. 6.25 Back

27. Fig. 6.25 Back

28. Sedimentary Structures • Sedimentary Structures – A feature found within sedimentary rocks, usually formed during or shortly after deposition of the sediment and before lithification. • Bedding – An arrangement of layers or beds of rocks. • Original horizontality – The deposition of most water-laid sediment in horizontal or near horizontal layers that are essentially parallel to the earth’s surface. (Fig. 6.26) • Bedding plane – A nearly flat surface separating two beds of sedimentary rock. 

29. Sedimentary Structures II • Cross-bedding – An arrangement of relatively thin layers of rock inclined at an angle to the more nearly horizontal bedding planes of the larger rock unit. (Fig. 6.27Fig. 6.28) • Graded bed – A single bed with coarse grains at the bottom of the bed and progressively finer grains toward the top of the bed. (Fig. 6.29) • Mud cracks – Polygonal crack formed in a very fine-grained sediment as it dries. (Fig. 6.31) • Ripple marks – Any of the small ridges formed on sediment surfaces exposed to moving wind or water. The ridges form perpendicularly to the motion. (Fig. 6.32) 

30. Fossils • Fossils – Traces of plants or animals preserved in rock. Fig. 6.33Fig. 6.34 • A contact is the boundary surface between two different rock types or ages of rocks. In sedimentary rock formations, the contacts are usually bedding planes. • Fig. 6.35 

31. Source Area • The source area of a sediment is the locality that eroded and provided the sediment. The most important things to determine about a source area are the type of rocks that were exposed in it and its location and distance from the site of eventual deposition. (Fig. 6.36) 

32. Environment of Deposition • Fig. 6.38 shows the common environments in which sediments are deposited. Geologists study modern environments in great detail so that they can interpret ancient rocks. • Continental environments include alluvial fans (Fig. 6.39), river channels (Fig 6.40), flood plains, lakes, and dunes. Back to the Beginning

33. Table 6.1 Back

34. Fig. 6.1 Back

35. Fig. 6.2 Back

36. Fig. 6.3 Back

37. Fig. 6.4 Back

38. Fig. 6.7 Back

39. Fig. 6.26 Back

40. Fig. 6.27 Back

41. Fig. 6.28 Back

42. Fig. 6.29 Back

43. Fig. 6.31 Back

44. Fig. 6.32 Back

45. Fig. 6.33 Back

46. Fig. 6.34 Back

47. Fig. 6.35 Back

48. Fig. 6.36 Back

49. Fig. 6.38 Back

50. Fig. 6.39 Back