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Organic Agriculture, what is it?

. Organic Agriculture, what is it?. a few basic principles 1. an agricultural system - reduce direct intervention

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Organic Agriculture, what is it?

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  1. . Organic Agriculture, what is it? a few basic principles 1. an agricultural system - reduce direct intervention endeavoring to achieve the closest possible - promote diversification cycle of elements: - close nutrient cycles 2. enforce natural mechanisms of regulation and selfregulation 3. produce on the basis of local resources

  2. 4. improve soil fertility through appropriate cultural measures 5. carry out plant protection on the basis of preventive measures 6. keep, breed and feed animals according to the particular needs of the respective species 7. apply gentle means for processing agricultural products 8. produce natural and complete food that guarantees healthy nutrition

  3. flow of elements in organic agriculture entries exits diffuse entries (e.g. deposits of NH3, NOx, heavy metals) • fertilizer • phytosani-tary products • seed • seedlings • other products • forage crops • cereals • special crops • animal husbandry • processing on farm level • maintenance of landscape • animal and vegetal products • services WITH LABEL ORGANIC REGULATIONS • animal feed • conservation products (silage) • veterinary products water air fauna flora soil pollution of air and water through agriculture reduced to a minimum (e.g. NH3, NO3) • animals • sperms

  4. organic fertilizer synthetic, soluble fertilizer difference between organic and conventional agriculture organic conventional improving soil fertility plant nutrition indirect direct plant protection preventive; battling the causes curative; battling the symptoms

  5. organic conventional animal production extensive; guided by ethology intensive; guided by rationalization animal nutrition industrialized feed, unlimited importation of fodder natural feed based on rough fodder veterinarian medizine curative preventive application of antibiotics preventive, stimulate the natural resistance

  6. motives for organic production philosophical motivation : • alternative to a exclusively materialistic production type, based on sophisticated technology and on purely profit maximization ecological motivations • conservation of natural resources and protection of environment • protection of soil • keeping and feeding of animals according to ethological principles • gentle veterinary medicine

  7. motives for organic production • socio-economic motivations • answer to the demand of a part of the consumers • decrease of dependence of third parties (e.g. suppliers of inputs) • strategy for decentralizing the agricultural production • minimize the global costs (e.g. no surplus, no costs caused through environmental constraints) • nutritional motivations • healthy nutrition • production aiming at the well-being of consumers

  8. Concept de fertilisation dans l‘arboriculture conventionnelle Déposition de N par la pluie Résidus végétals Herbicides Engrais chimiques de synthèse, facilement solubles Végétation spontane Nutriments disponibles Pour les arbres

  9. Concept de fertilisation arboriculture biologique Déposition de N par la pluie Fixation de l‘azote Fertilisants organique Compost Fumier Lisier Fertilisation verte Mulch de protection Résidus végétal Résidus de la transformation Engrais organiques et Minérales du commerce Organique: farine de sang, Farine de poisson, algues, guano etc. Poudre de roches Phosphate brut Sulfate de potassium Engrais complexes avec microéléments Couvert végétal (légumin.) Nutriments disponibles pour les arbres Microorganismes K, P, Ca, Mg de la fraction minérale N, P de la fraction organique

  10. why should the conversion be well prepared? the reasons for converting to organic production are diverse: • interesting marketing perspectives (e.g. direct selling, engagement of important distributors) • good image of organic products in the society (e.g. agriculture closest to the nature, healthy products, production respecting social principles) • direct subsidy payments (e.g. EU, Switzerland) • agro-ecological constraints

  11. danger! •  some producers convert: too hasty and without being sufficiently prepared without careful considering the difficulty of the conversion •  hereof negative consequences can occur: the survival of the production is threatened (e.g. investments, decrease of returns, frustrations...) the reputation of organic agriculture might damage

  12. 1. year of conversion 2. year of conversion 3. year of conversion sowing date sowing date sowing date harvest harvest harvest 1. harvest = conventional product 2. harvest = product in conversion 3. harvest = organic product 100% 1. year of conversion 2. year of conversion 3. year of conversion 4. year of conversion harvest harvest harvest harvest 1. harvest = conventional product 2. harvest = product in conversion 3. harvest = product in conversion 4. harvest = organic product 100% course of the conversion (selon EU 2092/91) annual crops Perennial crops (e.g fruits, vine)

  13. definition of production methods (not of the product quality) Minimal demand, not the most sophisticated method permanent development organic regulations • international regulations • IFOAM • codex alimentarius • national and country communities • European Union • Switzerland • United States • private regulations • Bio Suisse • Naturland • Rapunzel • Demeter • etc.

  14. national and country community labels Union Européenne

  15. Private labels • in addition to the national and country community labels, it is possible to create private labels • for the producers, the private labels are the most important and relevant (for the production and trade). • the labels permit an regional identification

  16. access to the market of the European Union Art. 11: organic products imported into the European Union from a country not belonging to the EU can be traded and circulated freely in the interior of the community: A) if the origin of the products is from a country included in the third country list (list is elaborated by the commission) B) with an authorization of importation:a control certificate, which has to accompany the merchandise, attest that the lot mentioned in the certificate was produced by respecting the regulation and a control system equivalent to that of the European Union

  17. why is there a need for control and certification? • distance between producer and consumer • protection of consumers interests • protection of producers interests (unfair competition • certification is the base for the trade with high quality products

  18. Control • visit on the spot for verifying whether the production, processing or trade of commodities is done according to the respective regulations • a complete documentation is needed from the producer, the processor and the trader • the results are presented in a inspection report and forwarded to the certifier

  19. Certification • guaranties the conformity of a product with the demand of a label or a regulation • compares the results of the control with the demands of a regulation • decision about the certificate, the constraints and the sanctions • written assurance that the product or a process is conform with the regulation

  20. Accreditation • guaranties that the control system is effective and conform with the demands of a regulation • diverse programs of accreditation: national, EU (EN 45011), ISO (No. 65), IFOAM

  21. Label • transport of a message to the consumer: this product is generated according a special quality, according to methods of the organic production • Permits to detect abuse and fraud with the organic certification • supplementary quality of a special label (supplementary to the national regulations)

  22. direct certification, co-certification and local certification 1. direct certification international inspector (EU, EEUU etc.) producer international certifier 2. Co-certification international certifier producer local inspector 3. local certification Local certifier local inspector producer

  23. why developing a local control system? • reduction of costs for control and certification • independence • better knowledge of local conditions and language • more confidence and better relations between the producer and inspector

  24. Control from the production to trade • producer (farm) • processor (including packing) • exporter/importer • big distributors • detail distributors Control of

  25. opportunities and perspectives for vegetables

  26. Opportunities and perspectivesfor fresh and frozen fruits

  27. Opportunities and perspectives for fruit juice

  28. opportunities and perspectives for dried fruits, nuts and honey

  29. opportunities and perspectives for oil and oil crops

  30. Opportunities and perspectivesfor none-food

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