Differentiated Instruction In Math

1. Differentiated Instruction In Math

2. Differentiated Instruction in Math Schools That Make a Difference • High quality teachers – with high expectations for all students • Rigorous curriculum – involves conceptual engagement and productive struggle • Schools organized so students are known and well-supported

3. I like this class because there’s something different going on all the time. My other classes, it’s like peanut butter for lunch every single day. This class, it’s like my teacher really knows how to cook. It’s like she runs a really good restaurant with a big menu and all. • Comment from a course evaluation written by a 7th grader

4. What is Differentiated Instruction? • Differentiation means tailoring instruction to meet individual needs. Whether teachers differentiate content, process, products, or the learning environment, the use of ongoing assessment and flexible grouping makes this a successful approach to instruction. • Carole Ann Tomlinson

5. Differentiated Instruction in Math Achievement Gap or Instructional Gap? How do differentiation and interventions make a difference? • Guided math • Fluid subsets of the entire class • Working with the core group and extra work in areas where students struggle to catch them up and keep them up • Enrichment and extensions • Extra time and extra instruction – THE CHALLENGE • Time and support must be the variables • Schools are developing strategies to provide students with that time to: • Experience the content with different approaches and representations • Have more time to discuss, reason, and process

6. Differentiated Instruction In Math Differentiated Instruction Addresses: • Relationships – knowing and valuing individual learners • Relevance – involves real-world problem solving, addresses student interests and learning styles • Rigor – challenges every student at their level of readiness • Response to Instruction/Intervention

7. Differentiated Instruction In Math 2 Essentials • Knowing our learners • Knowing our curriculum

8. ` Differentiated Instruction In Math Celebrating Differences • No two children are alike.  • No two children learn in the identical way.  • An enriched environment for one student is not necessarily enriched for another.  • In the classroom we should teach children to think for themselves. The Most Wonderful Egg in the World • http://fno.org/nov97/egg.html

9. Differentiated Instruction In Math Knowing Our Learners • Assessing Student Readiness • Formal assessments and inventories • Informal assessments and observations • Open-ended tasks • Ongoing formative assessments • Student conversations • Anecdotal student work • Questioning • KWL’s

10. Differentiated Instruction In Math Knowing Our Learners • Student Interests/Passions • Conferences • Journals • Interest Surveys

11. Differentiated Instruction In Math Knowing Our Learners Student Learning Profiles • Are they . . . . . . Left Brained? Right Brained? Intuitive? Sensing? Feeling? Abstract? Concrete? Sequential? Random? Visual? Auditory? Kinesthetic? Global? Analytical?

12. Differentiated Instruction In Math Knowing Our Learners What are their “Preferred Intelligences”? • Verbal/Linguistic Mathematical/Logical • Bodily/Kinesthetic Musical/Rhythmic • Intrapersonal Interpersonal • Visual/Spatial Naturalist

13. Differentiated Instruction In Math Does it even matter? • Yes, chickens and eggs are important!! • Discover their learning styles (and your own!) • Multiple Intelligences http://surfaquarium.com/MI/inventory.htm • Learning Styles Global/Analytical Test and Modalities Inventory http://www.berghuis.co.nz/abiator/lsi/lsiframe.html • Dr. Felder’s Inventories –Index of Learning Styles Test

14. Differentiated Instruction In Math Knowing Our Curriculum • Let’s examine the NGSSS for Mathematics • Florida Standards Database • Benchmark Comparisons • What is a mastery curriculum • Is it possible to have a mastery curriculum without differentiation?

15. Elements of Differentiated Instruction Teachers can differentiate at least four classroom elements based on student readiness, interest, or learning profile: • Content – what the student needs to learn or how the student will get access to the information; • Process – activities in which the student engages in order to make sense of or master the content; • Products – culminating projects that ask the student to rehearse, apply, and extend what he or she has learned in a unit; and • Learning environment – the way the classroom works and feels. • Carol Ann Tomlinson

16. Principals of Differentiated Instruction • The teacher is clear about what is important in subject matter. • All students participate in respectful work. • The teacher understands, appreciates, and builds on students’ differences. • Assessment and instruction are inseparable. • The teacher adjusts content, process, and product in response to students’ readiness, interests, and learning profile. • Students and teachers are collaborators. • The goals of a differentiated classroom are maximum growth and individual success. • Flexibility is the hallmark of a differentiated classroom

17. Differentiated Instruction • The Basics 1. Responsive Learning Environment • How can I optimize the learning environment to maximize achievement for all students?

18. Differentiated Instruction • The Basics 2. Clarity about the learning goals • What do my students need to know, understand, and be able to do?

19. Differentiated Instruction • The Basics 3. Continuous Assessment • Pre-assessment • Quick checks • Benchmark assessments • www.florida-achieves.com • Ongoing Assessment (Formative) • Quick checks • Questioning strategies • Benchmark assessments • www.florida-achieves.com • Progress monitoring • Summative • Topic, Unit, Mid-year, End-of-Year, FCAT

20. Differentiated Instruction • The Basics • Formative assessments before during and after instruction: • Benchmark mini-assessments • Response cards and boards • Exit slips • Surveys • Portfolios • Journal discussions • Student discussions – reasoning and justification • Performance assessment • Student-led conferencing • Student-to-teacher conference • Student-generated assessments

21. Differentiated Instruction • The Basics • Flexible Grouping • Whole Group • Teacher-guided Groups • Individualized Instruction • Peer Tutoring • Class-wide Peer Tutoring • Cooperative Learning • Reciprocal Teaching • Independent Small Groups • Learning Centers • Cross-Age Tutoring • Mixed-Readiness Groups

22. Differentiated Instruction • The Basics 4. Respectful Work • Addresses the knowledge, understandings, and skills the teacher has identified as important • Can be differentiated according to: • Readiness for what is being taught • Interests • Learning preferences • Can be created by varying: • Complexity/Difficulty • Amount of structure/Number of steps • Scaffolding provided • Timeline for completion • Pacing • Materials

23. Students at work create various kids of noise. They talk and measure and puzzle out and make the audible messes that an assistant principal is supposed to abhor. Their activity also exposes the inconvenient truth that some kids do the work faster than others. The neat march over material that is possible when only the teacher sets the pace of the journey is no longer possible. • Theodore Sizer – Horace’s School

24. Differentiated Instruction In Math Guiding Questions • What is the math I want my student to learn? • What do my students already know? What is my evidence of this? How can I build on their thinking? • How can I expand access to this task or idea? Have I considered student readiness, interests, and learning styles? • How can I ensure that each student experiences challenges? (content and process) • How can I tier and/or scaffold learning to increase the likelihood of success? (process) • In what different ways can my students demonstrate their understanding? (product) • Are there student choices?

25. Differentiated Instruction In Math Differentiated Content • A change in the material being learned by a student • If the objective is for all students to subtract two digit numbers: • Some students work on guided practice with the teacher on subtraction situations (CGI) in computation • Some students subtract larger numbers in a problem-solving context • Games and Virtual Manipulatives offer a great way to differentiate content and process • enVision and Investigations Games • SuperSource Activities • http://nlvm.usu.edu/en/nav/vlibrary.html • http://mathwire.com

26. Differentiated Instruction In Math Differentiated Process • Refers to the way a student accesses material • Some students may explore fraction concepts using manipulatives or drawings at a learning center with a small group of students • Some students may explore fraction concepts independently using virtual manipulatives on the Internet • Some students may work with manipulatives in a small group directed by the teacher

27. Differentiated Instruction In Math Differentiated Product The way in which a student demonstrates what he or she has learned • To demonstrate understanding of a geometric concept: • Some students may solve a problem set • Some students may build a model

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30. Differentiated Instruction In Math

31. Differentiated Instruction In Math Other Strategies • Stations. Using stations involves setting up different spots in the classroom where students work on various tasks simultaneously. These stations invite flexible grouping because not all students need to go to all stations all the time. • Agendas. These are personalized lists of tasks that a student must complete in a specified time, usually two to three weeks. Student agendas throughout a class will have similar and dissimilar elements. • Complex Instruction. This strategy uses challenging materials, open-ended tasks, and small instructional groups. Teachers move among the groups as they work, asking students questions and probing their thinking.

32. Differentiated Instruction In Math Let’s view a classroom using menus to facilitate differentiation and effective, problem based instruction at all levels of abstraction: • Concrete • Representational • Abstract *Marilyn Burns DVD

33. Differentiated Instruction In Math • Tiering Instruction • Allows students to focus on the same general concept or skill according to their level of readiness • Provides different levels of complexity, abstractness, and open-endedness • C-R-AWeb’s Levels/Depth of Knowledge • Activites can be tiered for difficulty or complexity or both • Provides appropriate challenges for all students

34. Differentiated Instruction In Math Tiering Instruction: • Can be based on content/input • Can be based on process/sense-making • Can be based on product/output Based on student: • Readiness • Interests • Learning Style

35. Differentiated Instruction In Math A tiered lesson is a differentiation strategy that addresses a particular standard, key concept, and generalization, but allows several pathways for students to arrive at an understanding. Tomlinson (1999) Creating Tiered Assignments 1. Identify the benchmark you are teaching 2. Identify the key concepts 3. Develop or select an activity that is interesting, requires high-level thought and causes students to work with the specified knowledge, understanding, and skill. 4. Determine the complexity level of the starting point task compared to the range of student readiness. 5. Develop multiple versions of the task at different levels of difficulty. Make sure all versions (levels 1,2,3) focus on essential knowledge, understanding, and skill.

36. Differentiated Instruction In Math Differentiation means doing something different—qualitatively different. Make sure you keep this in mind when tiering the lessons. Second, be sure that students are doing challenging, respectful, and developmentally appropriate work within each tier. In other words, no group should be given “busywork.” We don’t want one group doing backline practice sheets and another doing a fabulous investigation. Pierce & Adams Creating Tiered Assignments – Continued 6. Pre-assess student understanding/mastery of key concepts/skills. Open-ended tasks work well. 7. Assign students to appropriate versions of the task. 8. Assess the students - The assessment can be formative, summative, or a combination of both – formal or informal. You may use some means of recording observations of the various groups, such as flip cards or sticky notes. You could develop a rubric for each tier based on the particular product that is created. You may give a formal paper-and-pencil test. Student conversations, writing, representations, and reasoning and justifications provide the most important and relevant insights into student learning. • The Tiered Curriculum Project – Math lessons tiered according to readiness, interests, and learning styles http://www.doe.in.gov/exceptional/gt/tiered_curriculum/welcome.html

37. Differentiated Instruction In Math Measurement – Grade 2 – MA.2.G.3.1 Estimate and use standards units, including inches and centimeters, to partition and measure lengths of objects. Key Ideas Relationship between number of units and relative size of units Pre-assess Gather students with their journals around a table. Ask “How could we measure the length of this table with craft sticks?”

38. Differentiated Instruction In Math Measurement – Grade 2 – MA.2.G.3.1 Estimate and use standards units, including inches and centimeters, to partition and measure lengths of objects. • Possible answers • Line them up - concrete • Use one and keep putting it down – less concrete – iterations of a unit • Measure the stick with a ruler. Use a ruler to measure length. – more abstract Ask students to record their estimates of length in their journals. • Put 6 craft sticks end-to-end on the table’s edge, and give the students a chance to readjust their estimates. • Place craft sticks end-to-end to measure the entire table.

39. Differentiated Instruction In Math Measurement – Grade 2 – MA.2.G.3.1 Estimate and use standards units, including inches and centimeters, to partition and measure lengths of objects. Ask the students to draw what they think is a one inch line in their journals. • Show the students the length of an inch and ask them to estimate in their journals how long the table is in inches. • Explore students problem solving attempts. Differentiate tasks - Content • Some students measure more lengths in order to better conceptualize the length of an inch. • Some students measure straight paths/lengths. • Some students measure crooked paths.

40. Differentiated Instruction In Math Measurement – Grade 2 – MA.2.G.3.1 Estimate and use standards units, including inches and centimeters, to partition and measure lengths of objects Differentiate Tasks – Process • Some students make inch and foot strips and use these models to help in estimation. • Length measures are posted around the room to provide visual images of length. • Inch and foot lengths of Velcro are placed on the wall for students to run their fingers over. • Some students are provided multiple one inch strips; others have only one which they must use over and over. • Some students measure using standard rulers or yardsticks/meter sticks. • Initially, students choose lengths they want to estimate.

41. Differentiated Instruction In Math Measurement – Grade 2 – MA.2.G.3.1 Estimate and use standards units, including inches and centimeters, to partition and measure lengths of objects. Differentiate Tasks – Product • Estimate ribbon lengths for an art project • Participate in an Estimation Olympics • Teach a younger student about estimation • Write an explanation of the estimation process • Pretend they’re interviewing for an estimation job and explain how their skills and experiences will help them in their job

42. Differentiated Instruction In Math Attributes of a Worthwhile Task It is developmentally appropriate. – Ideas are within reach from a cognitive and experiential level. Concrete manipulatives and drawing materials should always be available to support student work. (readiness, rigor) It is contextualized. – Present ideas in connection to their real world, science, social studies, literature, and art. (interests, relevance)

43. Differentiated Instruction In Math Attributes of a worthwhile task It offers an appropriate level of challenge. – A task must offer a cognitive challenge that requires decisions to be made and new ideas to be explored. When a task has multiple entry points, it is possible to engage students with a broad range of readiness. (readiness, rigor) It encourages multiple perspectives. – An interesting task stimulates a variety of strategies, representations, and mathematical ideas and encourages mathematical discourse in which students explain and justify their thinking. (rigor, relevance)

44. Differentiated Instruction In Math Tiering – Third Grade Fractions Multiple versions of a task providing equitable access to understanding.

45. Differentiated Instruction In Math Kindergarten MA.K.A.1.1 Represent quantities with numbers up to 20, verbally, in writing, and with manipulatives. Ordering Numbers: Red Materials: 3 paper plates, counters, and number cards 0-6 Task: Create a specific set of objects based on quantity. Turn over a number card and make a set of objects to show how many. Keep going until you have made 3 different sets. Which set has the most?

46. Differentiated Instruction In Math Kindergarten MA.K.A.1.1 Represent quantities with numbers up to 20, verbally, in writing, and with manipulatives. Ordering Numbers: Blue Materials: 6 paper plates, counters, and number cards 0-6 Task: Create a specific set of objects based on quantity. Turn over a number card and make a set of objects to show howmany. Keep going until you have made 6 different sets. Put the sets in order. Which set has the most? Which set has the least?

47. Differentiated Instruction In Math Kindergarten MA.K.A.1.1 Represent quantities with numbers up to 20, verbally, in writing, and with manipulatives. Ordering Numbers: Green Materials: 6 paper plates, counters, and number cards 0-10 Task: Create a specific set of objects based on quantity. Turn over a number card and make a set of objects to show how many. Keep going until you have made 6 different sets. Put the sets in order. Which set has the most? Which set has the least? Which sets are missing?

48. Differentiated Instruction In Math First Grade MA.1.A.4.1 Extend repeating and growing patterns, fill in missing terms,and justify reasoning. Trains Second Grade MA.2.A.2.2 Add and subtract multi-digit whole numbers through three digits with fluency by using a variety of strategies, including invented and standard algorithms and explanations of those procedures. Sums Investigations Red Sums Investigations Blue Sums Investigations Green

49. Differentiated Instruction In Math Third Grade MA.3.A.1.1 Model multiplication and division including problems presented in context: repeated addition, multiplicative comparison, array, how many combinations, measurement,and partitioning. The Game of Leftovers Fourth Grade MA.4.A.4.1 Generate algebraic rules and use all four operations to describe patterns, including nonnumeric growing or repeating patterns. Arch Patterns Red Arch Patterns Blue Arch Patterns Green

50. Differentiated Instruction In Math Fifth Grade MA.5.S.7.1 & MA.5.S.7.2 Construct and analyze line graphs and double bar graphs. Differentiate between continuous and discrete data and determine ways to represent those using graphs and diagrams. Data Collection and Analysis Investigation