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CHAPTER 1 An Evolutionary Framework for Biology

This chapter introduces the evolutionary framework in biology, discussing how organisms have transformed over billions of years. It explores evolutionary milestones, such as the origin of life, the development of multicellular organisms, and the diversification of species. The hierarchy of life is also examined, highlighting the classification of species and the importance of understanding how and why organisms function. Additionally, the chapter explores the intersection of biology and public policy, emphasizing the relevance of biology in addressing societal challenges.

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CHAPTER 1 An Evolutionary Framework for Biology

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  1. CHAPTER 1An Evolutionary Framework for Biology

  2. An Evolutionary Framework for Biology Introduction Organisms Have Changed over Billions of Years Evolutionary Milestones The Hierarchy of Life

  3. Chapter 1: An Evolutionary Framework for Biology Asking and Answering “How?” and “Why?” Biology and Public Policy

  4. Introduction • If Earth’s history were a 30-day month, recorded human history would occupy the last 30 seconds.

  5. 1.1 Time...

  6. Organisms Have Changed over Billions of Years • Evolution unites all of biology. The idea and evidence of evolution existed before Darwin.

  7. Organisms Have Changed over Billions of Years • The theory of evolution by natural selection rests on two observations and one inference from them.

  8. Evolutionary Milestones • Life arose from non-life about 3.8 billion years ago. • All living organisms contain the large molecules—carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. • All organisms consist of cells, and all cells come from preexisting cells. • A major theme in evolution is increasingly diverse ways of capturing external energy for biologically useful reactions.

  9. Evolutionary Milestones • The evolution of sexual reproduction enhanced the ability of organisms to adapt to changing environments. • Photosynthetic single-celled organisms released oxygen, allowing oxygen-based metabolism of large cells and eventually multicellular organisms. • Complex eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells developed into multicellular organisms whose cells became modified for specific functions.

  10. Evolutionary Milestones • Regulated growth is a vital characteristic of life. • Speciation resulted in the millions of species living on Earth today. • Organisms developed complicated systems to respond to internal and external environmental change and for homeostasis. • Adaptation to environmental change is the result of evolution by natural selection.

  11. The Hierarchy of Life • Biology is organized into a hierarchy of levels. Each has emergent properties not found at lower levels.

  12. 1.9 Hierarchy of Life

  13. The Hierarchy of Life • Species are classified into domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Archaea and Bacteria consist of prokaryotic cells. Eukarya contain the protists and the kingdoms Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.

  14. 1.10 Taxonomy

  15. Asking and Answering “How?” and “Why?” • Biologists ask how organisms work, and why they evolved to work that way. • How and why questions are usually answered using a hypothetico-deductive (H-D) approach. • Science is based on the formulation of testable, rejectable hypotheses. Acceptance of refuted, untested, or untestable assumptions is not science.

  16. Biology and Public Policy • Biologists often advise governmental agencies regarding problems with a biological component. • Biology is a critical component to health and welfare, and the viability of societies - both regional and global.

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