Chapter 7: the past continuous

1. Chapter 7: the past continuous

2. The past continuous • Statements

3. The past continuous • Yes/ no questions

4. The past continuous • Wh-question • What was she saying? • When was he running? • Wh-word + past of to be (was, were) + subject + base verb-ing

5. The past continuous • We use the past continuous for an action that was already happening at a particular time in the past. • He was sleeping at 10.00 yesterday.

6. While & when with past time clauses • Time clauses can go at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. If it is at the beginning we use a comma after it. • A time clause alone is not a complete sentence. We must use it with a main clause to form a complete sentence. • When Tony called, jenny was working at the office. • Incomplete sentence: when Tony called.

7. While & when with past time clauses • The verb in a while clause is always in the past continuous • A man crossed the street while he was driving. ORWhile he was driving, a man crossed the street.

8. While & when with past time clauses • The verb in a when clause is often in the simple past.

9. Section 8: the future tense • To be going to: • We use to be + going to + base verb : • to make predictions about the future. • to talk about our plans for the future. We are going to buy a house next year.

10. 8.1 To be going to • Affirmative: I am going to eat. • Negative: I amnotgoing to eat. • I am / he, she, it is / we, you, they are • Yes/ no question: Are we going to eat? Is he going to eat? • Wh-question: When are you going to eat? What is she going to eat?

11. 8.2 Future time expressions • We use future time expressions at the beginning or at the end of the sentence. We use a comma (,) after time expression when it is at the beginning of the sentence.

12. 8.3 The present continuous as a future tense • We use the present continuous to talk about future plans. • We often use a time expression with the present continuous. • We use the present continuous with verbs of movement like come, go, fly, travel, leave. • we can use to be going to for future plans. • Steve is going to leave New York in two hours. • Steve is flying to New York in two hours.

13. The present continuous as a future tense • We cannot use the present continuous for future predictions. • Correct: Look at those clouds. It is going to rain soon. • Incorrect: Look at those clouds. It israining soon.

14. 8.4 Will

15. 8.4 Will • Yes / no question: • Will he go? • Yes, he will. No, he won’t • We use will for the future to make predictions about what we think will happen or when we decide to do something at the moment of speaking.

16. 8.5 May, might and will • Possibility: we use may or might to talk about something that it is possible now or in the future. • I may / might go to Mexico next year. • Youmay / might nothave a problem with your computer. • May & might have the same meaning. They both express a possibility. • We use may & might when we are not certain about something. • I may arrive late. (it is possible)

17. 8.5 May, might and will • We use will, to be going to, or the present continuous when we are certain about something. • I will be late. (certain) • He is not coming tonight. (we know that he won’t come). • Permission: we can use may to give refuse or ask for permission. • May I use your phone? You may not go early.

18. 8.6 Future time clauses with before, after, & when • A future time clause can begin with before, after& when.

19. 8.6 Future time clauses with before, after, & when • We can put the time clause before or after the main clause. They both have the same meaning. • She will wear her new suit when she goes to the interview. • When she goes to the interview, she will wear her new suit.

20. 8.7 Future conditional sentences • We use future conditional sentences to say that one situation in the future depends on another one. • If I have time, I will visit you. • An if clause can come before or after the main clause. The meaning is the same. • If the weather is nice tomorrow, we will go fishing. • We will go fishing if the weather is nice tomorrow.

21. 8.8 the simple present with time & if clauses • We use the simple present in both the dependent clause and the main clause when: • The action is habitual. When I go to Mexico, I usually stay with my grandmother. • We are expressing something which is always true. If the temperature falls bellow zero, water turns to ice.

22. 13. Adjectives & adverbs • Adjectives: • Adjectives always come before nouns. It is a beautiful day. • Adjectives can also come after the verb to be. The sky is blue. The air is clean. • Adjectives have the same form for singular & plural nouns The white mountains are beautiful.

23. Nouns: • Nouns can also be used to describe other nouns. • The noun that describes another noun is always singular, just like an adjective. She is holding a coffee cup. She is in the computer room.

24. 13.2Word order of adjectives

25. 13.3 the same (as), similar (to), different (from) • A and B are the same. • A is the same as B. • A and B are similar. • A is similar to B. • A and B are different. • A is different from B.

26. 13.4 like & alike • Like & alike have the same meaning. • Like is a preposition • The daughter is like the mother. • Alike is an adjective. • The mother and daughter are alike. • The daughter’s nose is like her mother’s nose. • The daughter’s and mother’s noses are alike.

27. 13.5 Comparative form of adjectives • When we compare things we use comparative adjective + than • One syllable add –er: • Long / longer than • Hot / hotter than • Happy / happier than • Two syllables: • Difficult / more difficult than • Expensive / more expensive than • Irregular adjectives: • Good / better than • Bad / worse than • Far / farther than

28. As..as, not as..as, less than • We use as…as to show that 2 things or people are the same in some way. • Mark is as tall as Joe. • We use not as…as to show that 2 things or people are different in some way. • Mark is not as tall as Joe. • Mark is not as casual as Joe. • We use less than with a long adjective. More than 2 syllables. • Mark is less casual / intelligent than Joe. • We don’t use less than with short adjectives or adjectives ending in – y.

29. Superlative form of adjectives • Vatican City is the smallest county in the world. • Sue is the most intelligent of the three sisters.

30. 13.8 One of the most • The Mona Lisa is one of the most famouspaintings in the world. • One of the + superlative + plural noun • It is one ofthe biggest shops in the city. • He is one of the richest men in the world.

31. Adjectives & Adverbs • An adjective describes a noun and can usually answer the question What? • The car is red.What colour is the car? • Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. An adverb usually answers the question How? • He paints beautifully. How does he paint?

33. Comparative & superlative of adverbs • A snail moves more slowly than a tortoise.

34. 13.11 As..as with adverbs • When things are the same, we put as/as before and after the adverb. • She works as fast as a machine. • We can also follow as + adverb + as + subject + verb to do OR models like can/ could • He worked as fast as I did. • He worked as fast as he could. • We use the negative form not as..as to show things are not the same. • Alexdoesn't study as hard asMike does.