Nematodes and Soil Ecology Management of Plant-parasitic Nematodes in Vineyards

1. Nematodes and Soil Ecology Management of Plant-parasitic Nematodes in Vineyards Howard Ferris Department of Entomology and Nematology University of California, Davis hferris@ucdavis.edu February, 2014 http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/Nemaplex

2. Introducing Nematodes………. • Nematodes, the most abundant multi-cellular animals on the planet, are unsegmentedroundworms. • They inhabit soil, freshwater and marine environments. • Most are microscopic. • Many feed on micro-organisms while some are important parasites of humans, animals or plants. • Most soil forms are 1 mm or less in length. • They live in water films around soil particles.

3. All plant-parasitic nematodes have a hollow stylet or spear

4. Some nematode parasites of grapevines

5. Plant-feeding nematodes…….. • Stunting, slow growth, dieback • Chlorosis and nutrient deficiencies • Wilting • Reduced yield • Lack of response to other treatments • Root symptoms • Cause mechanical injury and death of cells and tissues • Modify cell development and function • Alter photosynthatepartitioning • Predispose plants to diseases and other stresses • Some vector plant viruses

6. California Grapes: Co-distribution of Nematodes Many of these are not native species. Why are they there? Northern Interior/Foothills Criconemoides xenoplax Pratylenchus vulnus …..the importance of nursery certification and clean planting stock Central Interior Meloidogyne spp. Xiphinema americanum Tylenchulus semipenetrans Criconemoides xenoplax Pratylenchus vulnus North Coast Xiphinema index Criconemoides xenoplax Pratylenchus vulnus Central Coast Meloidogyne spp. Xiphinema index Criconemoides xenoplax Southern Interior Meloidogyne spp. Xiphinema americanum Tylenchulus semipenetrans Criconemoides xenoplax

7. Nematode-free Planting Stock - Nurseries • Dormant cuttings are bench-grafted, callused, and planted in • field nurseries or finished in the greenhouse. • 70% are planted in nematode-free* soil at 10-15 cm spacing, • grown for 8-9 months, undercut, and sold as rooted cuttings. • 30% are planted in sleeves of nematode-free planting medium, • healed and established in greenhouses and then sold. • Hot water treatment at 53°C for 5 min to kill vine • mealybug (Planococcusficus) is now an industry standard. • Coincidentally, hot water treatment at 52°C for 5 min is • recommended for nematode-infested nursery material. • CDFA Nursery Certification Program for nematode-free planting • stock is voluntary but most rootstock production is certified • . • *Nematode-free soil is difficult to find and chemical disinfestation is less reliable as toxic biocides are withdrawn. Images: Sunridge Nurseries Mercier Nursery

8. Producing Clean Planting Stock Strategy A. Select soil that is not infested with plant-parasitic nematodes Test soil and plant material after rooting, discard if infested (CDFA certification) Strategy B. Sites known to be infested or with unknown infestation status a. 1,3-dichloropropene 319 + 159 kg/ha (14-day interval) b. Methyl bromide (high density polyethylene film) 336 kg/ha c. Methyl bromide 336 + 168 kg/ha (7-day interval) d. Combinations of 1,3-dichloropropene deep and methyl isothiocyanate superficial 2. Test soil and plant material after rooting, discard if infested (CDFA certification) Strategy C. Container-grown in nematode-free sterile media * ** ** *- * ** *- Volatile Organic Compound regulations Volatile Organic Compound and Quarantine/Preshipment criteria (and cost) Volatile Organic Compound regulations (and poor weed control)

9. Management strategies for plant-parasitic nematodes in vineyards…. • Preplant management • Planting site selection, non-host rotation • Rootstock selection • Certified nematode-free planting stock • Preplant soil disinfestation, nematicides • Clean equipment, water • Biological antagonists and soil food web health • Postplant management • Amendments • Nematicides • Cover crops • Biological antagonists and soil food web health

10. Breeding and Selection for Broad and Durable Resistance a 15-year process

11. hferris@ucdavis.edu http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/Nemaplex

12. hferris@ucdavis.edu http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/Nemaplex

13. finding the information……. Nemaplex: http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex

15. Postplant Nematode Management • avoid introducing nematodes on equipment, people, water • water and fertility management appropriate to root system • increase organic matter for soil structure, water-holding capacity, nutrient value and to build soil food web • winter cover crops for soil building and nematicidal effects • Enzone(CS2 liberator) applied in irrigation water [ectoparasites+++, endo ?] (ArystaLifeScience) • DiTera(antibiotic) applied in irrigation water - drip or furrow - 20 lb per acre three times per year [ectoparasites ++, endo ?] (Valent) • Movento (spirotetramat) a lipid biosynthesis inhibitor with systemic activity – applied by foliar spray [ectoparasites ++, endo ++] (Bayer CropScience) • Notes: chemical nematicides may disrupt food web structure and function • nematicide rotation to delay loss of efficacy

16. From Nemaplex: Cover crops for soil building……….. Some plants resistant or immune to Xiphinema index….. Nemaplex – http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex

17. Commercial Soil Amendments …for nematode management and soil health Farewell Microlife Microplex F-68 Soil Conditioner Clandosan618 Superbac Agrosyn Guano Plus Quinoa Sesame Humicacid Compost Agri-50 Pent-a-vate Arise Fertilaid Zap Ammonium sulfate Ozone Probiotic …….and more • Potential Modes of Action • Contain beneficial microbes • Stimulate or provide resources for antagonists • Reduce plant stress (improved soil structure, moisture retention, plant nutrition) • Nematicidal breakdown products • …..and sometimes……no effect

18. Soil Bacteria Soil Nematodes Soil Microarthropods Protozoa Some Organisms of the Soil Ecosystem -Services and Disservices

19. Biological antagonists of nematodes

20. Carbon is respired by all organisms in the food web • The amounts of Carbon and Energy available limit the size and activity of the web Carbon and energy transfer Economies of Ecosystems: Carbon and Energy are the Currencies CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2 Stewardship protozoa nematodes bacteria carbohydrates and proteins nematodes arthropods fungi carbohydrates and amino acids other organisms C N nematodes arthropods nematodes fungi NO3 NH3 NH3 NH3

22. Food Web Complexity and the Regulation Function Management practices in industrialized agriculture result in: Soil food web simplification Reduction in higher trophic levels Costa Rica, 2008

23. Thank you! http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex