Name: Peyman Taeidi Professor: Dr. White Class: Anthro 174W

1. SCCS and MONEY(Media of Exchange) Name: Peyman Taeidi Professor: Dr. White Class: Anthro 174W

2. ORIGINAL HYPOTHESIS & INDEPENDENT & DEPENDENT VARIABLES ORIGINAL HYPOTHESIS & INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Hypothesis:Marriage has been significantly influenced by Money which it works as a means of exchange here. Basically, I have decided to focus how Money is affected by the way that Marriage is obtained in a culture. Dependent Variable: 17-Money (media of Exchange) Independent Variables: • 605. Marriage Payments • Fact-6. Marriage Payments Gossip Scale (Sum of Bride Price and Dowry Gossip) • 1752. Groom’s dependency on relatives for marriage transactions. • 209. Mode of Marriage • 1195. Bride’s wealth • 1238. Marriage Transactions

3. RESULT OF MY xUR UNRESTRICTED MODEL RESULT OF MY xUR UNRESTRICTED MODEL MONEY: (depvar SCCS $ c17) Final Result: R2:final model R2:IV(distance) R2:IV(language) 0.5488126 0.9896772 0.9952733 > ccc Fstat df pvalue RESET 1.496 95.100 0.224 <-- NO nonlinear transformations of indepvars Wald on restrs. 16.688 1768.419 0.000 <-- There AREe significant excluded variables NCV 0.923 1070.662 0.337 <-- Autocorrelation errors are NOT bunched SWnormal 0.556 1662.174 0.456 <-- Irrelevant for categorical data lagll 2.355 160085.826 0.125 <-- NO significant language autocorrelation lagdd 4.194 136574.129 0.041 <-- IS significant distance autocorrelation • In my Unrestricted Model, I have noticed about Six Significant results; however, unfortunately, I have got insignificant results for my own independent variables regarding Marriage and its relation with Money. Basically, My original hypothesis is rejected. As a result, I have decided to shift my focus from Marriage to Six New and Significant for my Unrestricted Model Independent Variables.

4. Findings • After looking at Bernd Weber and the Candice Bradley, Carmella C. Moore, Michael L. Burton and Douglas R. White articles and understanding the concept of Money in their articles and ethnographical work I have refocused on global economic forces and psychological issues in society. • As the results, I disregard my original hypothesis regarding how money is affected by marriage. • Also, Bernd Weber talks about how Behavioral economists have proposed that money illusion, which is a deviation from rationality in which individuals engage in nominal evaluation, can explain a wide range of important economic and social phenomena.

5. NEW IDEAS/HYPOTHESIS • After running my given Unrestricted and Restricted model I have got totally new results. I have decided to propose and demonstrate a new hypothesis. • ***I have shown that food trade in a society is far more significant than Marriage in its relation with Money. • Furthermore, there are five more other results which are also significant based on my final Unrestricted and Restricted Model such as Language, Open access to rich ecological resources, Density of Population and Jurisdictional hierarchy beyond local community.

6. RESTRICTED MODEL (xR RESULT) MONEY(depVar SCCS $c17) coef Fstat ddf pvalue VIF (Intercept) 1.258 5.271 14255257 0.022 NA fyll -0.722 5.412 33859578 0.020 3.308 (Negative in Language) fydd 0.727 10.400 73121870 0.001 3.433 (Clustered in Distance) foodtrade 0.018 3.878 229635082 0.049 1.142 ecorich -0.176 5.025 317122257 0.025 1.322 popdens 0.349 24.052 464748295 0.000 1.646 superjh 0.399 21.613 1515610 0.000 1.548 > r2 Six SIGNIFICANT RESULTS! R2:final model R2:IV(distance) R2:IV(language) 0.4527387 0.9509774 0.9879003 > ccc Fstat df pvalue RESET 0.284 1.640131e+07 0.594 Wald on restrs. 39.671 5.448507e+05 0.000 NCV 0.466 2.869067e+08 0.495 SWnormal 0.671 1.315510e+09 0.413 lagll 2.558 3.376859e+10 0.110 lagdd 1.609 3.999846e+06 0.205

7. ANALYSIS OF MY DATA • After removing all insignificant independent variables, I have noticed that Open access to Rich Ecological Resources is most significant independent variables in my Unrestricted Model. Basically, presence of money and success will happen by equality and having access to all opportunities and sources in a society. The spacing and interdependence of people and institutions play very important role on that. • Although Candice Bradley, Carmella C. Moore, Michael L. Burton and Douglas R. White, in their cross cultural analysis, mention the importance of “subsistence economy” in society (often through trading food) is reflected in my final xR Unrestricted model that trading food is another (if not more) significant independent variable which has influenced money throughout the history, and it has affected economy.

8. What is Next? Finally, after analyzing and working hard for weeks on my original Independent variables and then all New significant Independent variables in my final Unrestricted and restricted model, I’ve decided to continue my project by explaining generally significant variables and including all six significant variables in my final research; however, I am going to focus and concentrate my final research project on only two of my important significant variables (food trade and Open access to ecological resources). I might focus more on ecological resources which relates to all kinds of stratification hierarchy in today’s society; as a result, it impacts significantly on people’s economical power and abilities.

9. CROSS TAB TABLE Cell Contents |-------------------------| | N | | Expected N | (Money as dependent variable crossed with Food trade as an independent variable) | Chi-square contribution | |-------------------------| Total Observations in Table: 183 | y x | 0 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 55 | 65 | Row Total | -------------|-----------|----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-- -------|----------| cols: Food Trade = SCCS$v819 1 | 43| 25 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 77 | | 26.087 | 33.661 | 0.842 | 0.421 | 2.945 | 12.202 | 0.421 | 0.421 | | rows: Money=SCCS$v17 | 10.964 | 2.229 | 0.030 | 0.797 | 1.285 | 3.152 | 0.421 | 0.421 | | ------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|------- ---|- ----------|----------|---- -----|---------| 2 | 4 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 12 | Chi^2 = 55.74916 | 4.066 | 5.246 | 0.131 | 0.066 | 0.459 | 1.902 | 0.066 | 0.066 | | | 0.001 | 0.108 | 0.131 | 0.066 | 0.459 | 0.005 | 0.066 | 0.066 | | -------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------| ----------|----------|----------|---------| 3 | 8 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 26 | | 8.809 | 11.366 | 0.284 | 0.142 | 0.995 | 4.120 | 0.142 | 0.142 | | | 0.074 | 0.012 | 1.803 | 0.142 | 1.017 | 0.305 | 0.142 | 5.181 | | -------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|----------|----------|--------| 4 | 6 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 42 | | 14.230 | 18.361 | 0.459 | 0.230 | 1.607 | 6.656 | 0.230 | 0.230 | | | 4.759 | 1.172 | 0.459 | 0.230 | 0.096 | 2.836 | 0.230 | 0.230 | | ------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|----- -----|----- -----|----- ----|----------|-----------|--------| 5 | 1 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 26 | | 8.809 | 11.366 | 0.284 | 0.142 | 0.995 | 4.120 | 0.142 | 0.142 | | | 6.922 | 1.162 | 0.284 | 0.142 | 1.017 | 2.013 | 5.181 | 0.142 | | -------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|------ ----|-----------|-----------|----------- Column Total 62 | 80 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 29| 1 | 1 | 183 | -------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------| Statistics for All Table Factors Pearson's Chi-squared test ------------------------------------------------------------ Chi^2 = 55.74916 d.f. = 28 p = 0.001380019

10. Cross Tab 2 results (Dr. Doug Works) • How Money is affected by food trade? • Total Observations in Table : 183 Not Yes: Food Trade +-------+-----+ No,1| 43 | 34 Σ=77  exactly 2+3, p<=0.000001, med excl= (SCCS$v819>=1)*1 56% 44% +-------+------+ Yes$ 7 | 61 Σ=68  Money=(SCCSv819==4+SCCSv819=5) 12% 88% +-------+------+