1/25 What is volume? How do you find the volume of an irregular solid

1. 1/25 What is volume? How do you find the volume of an irregular solid

2. What is this?

3. What is this?

4. Evaporation is when the sun heats up water in rivers or lakes or the ocean and turns it into vapor or steam. The water vapor or steam leaves the river, lake or ocean and goes into the air.

5. Condensation Water vapor in the air gets cold and changes back into liquid, forming clouds. This is called condensation.

6. Precipitation occurs when so much water has condensed that the air cannot hold it anymore.  The clouds get heavy and water falls back to the earth in the form of rain,hail, sleet or snow.

7. What about transpiration? • Discuss with your group and write down what you think transpiration means

8. Transpiration is… • The evaporation of water from plants during the photosynthesis process • In other words, the plant sweats! Transpiration is a very important part of the water cycle!

10. What is this?

11. Krill

12. The Oceans We depend on the oceans for many of our resources. Among these are food, energy, and transportation. 70% of Earth’s surface is covered by oceans.

14. In your notes… • How many oceans are there?

15. Ocean Composition Ocean water contains dissolved gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. Ocean water contains many dissolved minerals. The most abundant elements in seawater are salt. Sodium and Chloride make up most of the ions in seawater.

17. In your notes… Describe at least five ways that the oceans affect your life.

18. The Seafloor • Make a foldable with four sections • Land/Beach/Intertidal Zone • Continental Shelf • Continental Slope • Seafloor or Abyssal Plain

19. Land, Beach, Intertidal Zone This area includes the beach, tide pools, and other areas that rise and fall from the tides. It does not include deep water areas.

22. Continental Shelf The Continental Shelf is the gradually sloping end of a continent that extends under the ocean. On some continents the continental shelf extends a long distance (North America’s extend 100km to 350km out to sea). Other continents have narrower shelves (On the US Pacific coast the shelf is only 10km-30km wide)

24. Continental Slope Beyond the Continental Shelf is the Continental Slope. The Continental Slope extends from the Continental Shelf and slopes steeply down to the ocean floor.

27. Sea Floor/Abyssal Plain In the deep ocean, sediments, derived mostly from land, settle constantly on the ocean floor. These deposits fill in valleys and create flat seafloor areas called abyssal plains.

29. Ocean Currents Ocean currents are a mass movement, or flow, of ocean water. An ocean current is like a river within an ocean.

31. Surface Ocean Currents

32. Surface Currents Surface currents move water horizontally. These currents are powered by wind. The wind forces the ocean to move in huge circular patterns. Surface currents move only the upper few hundred meters of seawater.

33. How Surface Currents Form Surface ocean currents and surface winds are affected by the Coriolis Effect. The Coriolis Effect is the shifting of winds and surface currents caused by the Earth’s rotation.

34. Because Earth rotates toward the east, winds appear to curve to the right in the northern hemisphere, and to the left in the southern hemisphere.

35. Coriolis continued… These surface winds cause water to pile up in certain areas of the ocean. When gravity pulls water off the pile, the Coriolis effect turns the water. The Coriolis effect causes currents north of the equator to turn to the right. Currents to the south of the equator are turned to the left.

36. The Gulf Stream

37. Gulf Stream Current

38. Upwelling is a circulation in the ocean that brings deep, cold water to the ocean surface.

39. Upwelling continued… The cold water that comes to the surface in an upwelling contains high concentrations of nutrients from organisms that died and sank to the bottom (think of what fertilizer is made from).

40. Density Currents A density current occurs when a mass of seawater becomes more dense than the surrounding water. Gravity causes more dense seawater to sink below less dense seawater. This deep, dense water then spreads to the rest of the ocean.

41. The density of seawater can be increased if salinity increases. Density of seawater can also be increased by a decrease in temperature. Changes in temperature and salinity work together to create density currents. Density currents circulate ocean water slowly.

43. What factors create surface currents? Wind and the Coriolis Effect

44. What is the Coriolis Effect? The shifting of winds and surface currents from their expected paths that is caused by Earth’s rotation

45. Why do density currents circulate water? Cold or very salty water is denser than warm or less salty water and sinks in the ocean. This displaces warmer or less salty water, which moves upward. This movement drives density currents.

46. What is upwelling? It is a circulation in the ocean that brings deep, cold, water to the ocean surface.

47. A river flows into the ocean. Using what you know about density and currents PREDICT what will happen to this layer of fresh water and explain your answer It will flow along the surface because it is less dense than ocean water

48. Ocean waves and tides

50. Waves A wave, in general, is a rhythmic movement that carries energy through matter or space. In the ocean, waves move through seawater.