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30th May, 2013

Structural arrangements and sustainability of rural water facilities in Tanzania Christina Geoffrey Mandara, Anke Niehof and Carja Butijn Sociology of Consumption and Households at Wageningen University, The Netherlands. 30th May, 2013. Content of the presentation. Introduction

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30th May, 2013

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  1. Structural arrangements and sustainability of rural water facilities in Tanzania Christina Geoffrey Mandara, Anke Niehof and Carja Butijn Sociology of Consumption and Households at Wageningen University, The Netherlands 30th May, 2013

  2. Content of the presentation • Introduction • Theoretical framework • Research questions • Study area and Methodology • Results • Conclusions

  3. Purpose of 5th Symposium Introduction (1) • Rural water supply • Domestic water service: consumption, hygiene and productive uses. • Changes in water governance, policy direction, management frameworks and service provision • Tanzania’s experience & changing approaches in governance of rural water sector; pendulum swings • Since colonial era to liberalisation

  4. Purpose of 5th Symposium Introduction (2) • Water governance models imply roles and responsibilities to different actors at different levels • Decentralisation: • Community management: water has become an economic good & users are fully responsible for O&M • Technical and management roles • Sustainability of the rural water facilities • Clear definition of roles of each actor, at all levels & resources as well as the capacity to pursue the roles • Actors at village & household levels are managers and users

  5. Purpose of 5th Symposium Theoretical framework Decentralisation Actors, roles &responsibilities Flow of resources & capacity Community management What is community management? Clarity on obligations Implications Mechanisms of accountability: Vertically & Horizontally

  6. Purpose of 5th Symposium Research questions • How do the current structural arrangements at district and village levels affect sustainability of the rural water facilities (RWFs) at the village level in terms of technical and managerial aspects? • How can the current structural arrangements be adjusted to integrate providers and users capacity building towards sustainability of the RWFs?

  7. Purpose of 5th Symposium Study area and Methodology Nine villages in Kondoa and Mpwapwa districts Multiple units of analysis National level- Major rural water sector framework. District level- Water & Planning departments Village level- Documenting case studies through Focus Group Discussions Household level- Survey

  8. Purpose of 5th Symposium National frameworks and rural water supply • Two major national frameworks governing rural water supply: • The 2002 National Water Policy • Addressed operational deficits of the 1991 NAWAPO • The 2008 National Water Sector Development Strategy • To set the implementation of the 2002 NAWAPO, the institutional and legislative changes • To support NAWAPO’s realignment to the major national reforms • Variations among the documented roles and actual ones • Roles of the primary actors not indicated • Passive descriptions of roles without clear actors

  9. Purpose of 5th Symposium National to household actors, roles and responsibilities In the official water documents From empirical data The same as in the documentation Liaise with MoW, PMO-RALG, institutions & departments working on & affected by rural water supply, provide technical expertise and coordinate villages. Liaise with DWD, coordinate villagers contributions, overall supervision of the project (s), coordinate election of VWC members & processes for PO, financial report. Monitor overall water service, supervise PO, coordinate DPs, sell & collect user fees, cleanliness & maintenance of water infrastructures. Provide service, pay villages, cover minor repairs, supervise sells &remunerate sellers Contribute 5% of the CI through flat rate per household, &other arrangements. Pay users’ fee, participate in village assembly &meeting on water service development. • Policy & guidelines formulation, coordination, monitoring &regulating • Regulate users' entities, coordinate WSSAs’ budgets &physical plans, facilitate on-site sanitation & basic training, conduct M &E, formulate by-laws. • Regulate users' entities, promote their establishment, coordinate budgets, resolve conflicts &formulate by-laws. • Not explicitly indicated • Provide services based on contractual arrangements • Initiate demand, coordinate all stages of the project, contribute part of CI, Cover full costs of O&M, protect water sources • Not explicitly indicated

  10. Purpose of 5th Symposium District water department and villages • DWD is responsible to provide technical assistance to the villages' water schemes • Implies resources and capacity to pursue all the roles in the villages • Villages and their multiple variations & characteristics • Kondoa district has an area of 13210 sq.km & 193 villages Mpwapwa district has an area of 7379 sq. km & 93 villages • The two districts experience inadequacies of financial & human resources as well as transport facilities • During dry season the situation becomes more challenging

  11. Employees and transport facilities of the water department

  12. Purpose of 5th Symposium Situation in the villages • Presence of VWC members & Private operators • Unstable VWC, e.g. Seluka & Sambwa villages • Training to the members of the VWC & local technician • Lack of transparency on management of water funds • Spare parts are obtained at the district headquarters • Conflicting interests & political interference • Villages located in remote areas experience more problems • Lack of appropriate & standard feedback system • Can village as the lowest appropriate management level still be expected to perform its roles & maintain sustainable water services?

  13. Households’ experiences Non-functionality of the water infrastructures, with a mean duration of 4.3 months in a year The non-functionality differs per season and type of sources Problems resulting from breakdown of water infrastructure Interfere health, economy, and even family life

  14. Adjustments

  15. Purpose of 5th Symposium Conclusions • Community & water users at the lowest level have been assigned management and technical roles without corresponding capacities &resources • Unravelling the meaning, obligations and implications of the community management • Equal importance on capacity building at village level • Establishment of maintenance workshops at zonal level for clustered villages • Modifications in the procedures to engage contractors in rural water programmes from the national to the village level • Standard & transparent communication systems & flow of information at the local level

  16. Purpose of 5th Symposium Thank you for your attention Christina Geoffrey Mandara PhD candidate Sociology of Consumption and Households, at Wageningen University christina.mandara@wur.nl

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