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Chapter 7 Integration of Information

Chapter 7 Integration of Information. The Strategic Management of Information Technology. Transaction Processing System. Input. Process. Output. Communication. Information. Steps Toward Integration. Windowing Operating System OS/2 Presentation Manager Windows X-Windows (Sun)

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Chapter 7 Integration of Information

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  1. Chapter 7Integration of Information The Strategic Management of Information Technology

  2. Transaction Processing System Input Process Output Communication Information

  3. Steps Toward Integration • Windowing Operating System • OS/2 Presentation Manager • Windows • X-Windows (Sun) • Transaction Processing Systems • Payroll Services • Sales Order Processing Systems • Process Control Systems • Corporate Accounting Systems

  4. Steps Toward Integration • Multi-Tasking • Allow Users to run different programs at the same time • Windows • OS/2 (Presentation Manager) • XWindows • Networks • Enable Dynamic Integration from Several Sources

  5. Integration • Vertical • Different Levels of Production • ex: Oil Company • Horizontal • Retail Stores • ex:Wal-Mart

  6. Object-Orientation • Different than Transmitting Raw Bits of Data • Hardware Connections • Access Controls • Simple Data Formats • Software Agents • object-oriented programs written to perform specific tasks in response to user requests • agents know how to exchange object attributes • agents have the ability to activate object functions in other agents • Multimedia • Integration of Text, Video, Sound, Pictures, Animation

  7. Integration/Links • Static • Hard-Coded • Import • Dynamic • Linked • Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) • Hot-Linked • Object-Linking and Embedding (OLE) • Original Software Package Automatically started when chosen

  8. Systems Project Proposals • Feasibility Factors • Technical • Economic • Legal • Operational • Schedule • Strategic Factors • Productivity • Differentiation • Management

  9. Systems Plan • Business Plan • Document Company’s Goals and Objectives • Align Systems Project with Company’s Business Plan • Enterprise-Wide Model • Entity Relationship Diagram showing relationship between organization’s entities and their relationship to supporting strategies of Business Plan • View of Future Organization of Enterprise under a Business Plan

  10. Two Levels of Planning • Systems Planning • Gives Managers, Users, and Information Systems Personnel Projects • Establishes what should be done • Sets a budget for the total cost of these projects • Systems Project Planning • Setting a plan for the development of each specific systems project

  11. Systems Professional Skills • Systems Planning • Form project team after proposed systems project is cleared for development • Systems Analysis • Business Systems Analysts knowledgeable in business • General Systems Design • Business Systems Analysts • Systems Evaluation and Selection • Business Systems Analysts • Detailed Systems Design • Wide Range of Systems and Technical Designers • Systems Implementation • Systems analysts, programmers, and special technicians

  12. Effective Leadership Style • Autocratic Style • Crisis-Style Management • Used to Correct Major Problem, such as Schedule Slippage • Democratic Style • Team-oriented Leadership • Gives each team member the freedom to achieve goals which he/she helped set • Laissez-Faire Style • Highly-motivated, Highly-Skilled Team Members • People who work best alone

  13. Project Management Skills • Planning • States what should be done • Estimates how long it will take • Estimates what it will cost • Leading • Adapts to dynamics of enterprise and deals with setbacks • Guides and induces people to perform at maximum abilities • Controlling • Monitors Progress Reports and Documented Deliverables • Compares Plans with Actuals • Organizing • Staffs a Systems Project Team • Brings together users, managers, and team members

  14. Project Management • Gantt Chart • Pert Chart

  15. Gantt Chart • Compares Planned Performance against actual performance to determine whether the project is ahead of, behind, or on schedule • Schedule a complete systems project by phases

  16. PERT Chart • Program, Evaluation and Renew Technique • Estimate, Schedule, and Control a network of interdependent tasks • Shown by arrows, nodes, or circles • Determine minimum time needed to complete a project, phase, or task • Critical Path • Minimum time needed to complete a project or phase • Total of the most time-consuming chain of events

  17. PERT Chart • Four Steps • Identify Tasks • Determine Proper Sequence of Tasks • Estimate the Time Required to Perform each Task • Prepare Time-Scaled Chart of Tasks and Events to Determine the Critical Path

  18. CASE • Computer-Aided Systems and Software Engineering • Increase Productivity of Systems Professionals • Improve the Quality of Systems Produced • Improve Software Maintenance Issue

  19. CASE • Includes: • workstations • central repository • numerous modeling tools • project management • Systems Development Life Cycle Support • Prototyping Applications • Software Design Features

  20. Central Repository • Models Derived from Modeling Tools • Project Management Elements • Documented Deliverables • Screen Prototypes and Report Designs • Software Code from Automatic Code Generator • Module and Object Libraries of Reusable Code • Reverse Engineering, Reengineering, and Restructuring Features

  21. Software Maintenance • Reverse Engineering • Extract original design from spaghetti-like, undocumented code to make maintenance change request • Abstract meaningful design specifications that can be used by maintenance programmers to perform maintenance tasks • Reengineering • Examination and changing of a system to reconstitute it in form and functionality • Reimplementation • Restructuring • Restructures code into standard control constructs • sequence, selection, repetition

  22. Work Group Technologies • Suite of Products • GroupWare

  23. Suite of ProductsExamples • Microsoft Corporation • Word • Excel • PowerPoint • Lotus Development Corporation • AmiPro • Lotus 1-2-3 • Freelance • Novell/Borland • WordPerfect • Borland • dBaseIV

  24. Suite of ProductsAdvantages • Integrated Document • Economies of Scale • Consolidated Training • Shared Files Across Group

  25. Suite of ProductsDisadvantages • Choice Based upon Group Rather than Advantages of Individual Product • “Locked In” to Product Company • Difficulty in Matching Client Requirements

  26. Today’s Organization • Enterprise-Wide Development • Object-Oriented Definition • Implementation of Suite Approach

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