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1. Knowledge Management and information systems: two case studies
Hazel Hall
School of Computing, Napier University
2. Two case studies
Can information systems promote knowledge sharing?
Can information systems encourage knowledge creation?
Social computing/informatics focus of “information system” examples: Intranet, online community (Yahoo newsgroup).
(Other tools for KM focus on knowledge discovery, e.g. databases deployed for data mining etc.)
3.
Case study 1
Can information systems promote knowledge sharing?
4. Intranets in large, information-intensive organisations
are useful
are used
are “successful”
… but often fail to deliver on exactly what is expected of them
5.
Recent work
identifies that companies implement sub-optimal systems
make suggestions on how to avoid this
e.g. Huysman & De Wit (2002); Newell, Scarbrough, Swan & Hislop (2000)
6.
Previous work
numerous difficulties of introducing new technologies into large, distributed firms
specific problems with changing established work practice related to knowledge sharing
staff pre-occupied with billable client work
staff reluctant to share “currency” for future career success
Orlikowski (1996)
7.
Early work
operation and enhancement of computer implementations are compromised by complexities of shifting social and technical relationships
Kling & Scacchi (1982)
21.
7 roles of the intranet - some intended by firm
1. Furnish individuals with special projects
2. Demonstrate status
3. Connect people for the purposes of knowledge sharing
4. Focus corporate attention on knowledge sharing
5. Inhibit knowledge sharing
6. Provide career direction
7. Measure engagement with KM initiatives
22.
7 roles of the intranet - some tie to previous research
1. Furnish individuals with special projects
2. Demonstrate status
3. Connect people for the purposes of knowledge sharing
4. Focus corporate attention on knowledge sharing
5. Inhibit knowledge sharing
6. Provide career direction
7. Measure engagement with KM initiatives
23.
7 roles of the intranet - some novel
1. Furnish individuals with special projects
2. Demonstrate status
3. Connect people for the purposes of knowledge sharing
4. Focus corporate attention on knowledge sharing
5. Inhibit knowledge sharing
6. Provide career direction
7. Measure engagement with KM initiatives
24.
7 roles of the intranet
1. Furnish individuals with special projects
2. Demonstrate status
3. Connect people for the purposes of knowledge sharing
4. Focus corporate attention on knowledge sharing
5. Inhibit knowledge sharing
6. Provide career direction
7. Measure engagement with KM initiatives
25.
Accounting for multiple roles, i.e. not just/even knowledge sharing
Shared perceptions of appropriate technology use within specific environments differ.
For example - intranet deployed to demonstrate status of organisation, role determined internally for benefit of external constituency.
26.
Accounting for failure of system to deliver as anticipated
Actor power of those charged with the implementation
assigned by others
assigned to themselves
27.
Case study 2
Can information systems encourage
knowledge creation?
28. Communities of practice enhance collaborative work
within single organisations
across networks of organisations
in non-organisational groupings
and are dependent on knowledge sharing practice
29. Incentives for knowledge sharing
provision of rewards
hard
soft
provision of infrastructure
social
technological
boundary
30. Incentives for knowledge sharing
provision of rewards
hard
soft
provision of infrastructure
social
technological
boundary
34. Identification of Fermat’s last theorem (not Fermat’s last theorem) holding a clue.
Marginal note:
Cubem autem in duos cubos, aut quadratoquodratum in duos quadratoquadratos, et generaliter nullam in infinitum ultra quadratum potestatem in duos eiusdem nominis fas est dividere. Cuius rei demonstrationem mirabilem sane detexi hanc marginis exiguitas non careret.
35. Fermat’s marginal note as key text for letter counting:
(1) cubemauteminduoscubosautquadratoquodratu
(41) minduosquadratoquadratosetgeneraliternul
(81) lamininfinitumultraquadratumpotestatemin
(121)duoseiusdemnominisfasestdividerecuiusrei
(161)demonstrationemmirabilemsanedetexihancma
(201)rginisexiguitasnoncareret
36. Fermat’s marginal note as key text for letter counting:
(1) cubemauteminduoscubosautquadratoquodratu
(41) minduosquadratoquadratosetgeneraliternul
(81) lamininfinitumultraquadratumpotestatemin
(121)duoseiusdemnominisfasestdividerecuiusrei
(161)demonstrationemmirabilemsanedetexihancma
(201)rginisexiguitasnoncareret
109 182 6 11 88 214 74 77 = plaifair
37. Fermat’s marginal note as key text for letter counting:
(1) cubemauteminduoscubosautquadratoquodratu
(41) minduosquadratoquadratosetgeneraliternul
(81) lamininfinitumultraquadratumpotestatemin
(121)duoseiusdemnominisfasestdividerecuiusrei
(161)demonstrationemmirabilemsanedetexihancma
(201)rginisexiguitasnoncareret
Plaifair cipher es el proximo nivel. La palabra secreta es Illiad.
42. Research approach
“Content analysis”
E-mail survey - questionnaire to sample of membership
In-depth interviews
Simon Singh
Code breakers
43. Demographics
Male
Under 40
Beginners
44. Motivation to participate - learning
Gain knowledge of code-breaking
in general
to solve a particular problem
Gain information on others’ progress
benchmarking
48. Motivation to participate - social contact
In VCs
Individuals seek friendship
instant access to on-going relationships with a large number of people
Groups of enthusiasts seek sense of “belonging”
shared identities, relationships, commitments
49. Motivation to participate - social contact
In VCs
Individuals seek friendship
instant access to on-going relationships with a large number of people
Groups of enthusiasts seek sense of “belonging”
shared identities, relationships, commitments
50. Low importance of social relationships
Topic of the discussions
Clarity of the group’s purpose
Passion and interest for the topic
Demographics of membership
Prospects for interaction in the real world
51. Motivation to participate - social contact
Encouragement
(Public) one-to-one
Community
53. Motivation to participate - social contact
Community encouragement
54. Knowledge sharing and capital created
59. Knowledge sharing and capital created
61. Knowledge capital?
65. Main conclusions of interest to business applications
The values of community membership determine the power of incentives employed to encourage active participation.
The breadth of topic focus determines levels/type of activity and associated need for social support.
Community size matters: inclusion for individual learning, exclusion for knowledge creation.
66. References
Huysman, M. & De Wit, D. (2002). Knowledge sharing in practice. London: Kluwer.
Kling, R. & Scacchi, W. (1982). The web of computing: computer technology as social organization. Advances in Computers, 21, 1-90.
Newell, S., Scarbrough, H., Swan, J., & Hislop, D. (2000). Intranets and knowledge management: decentred technologies and the limits of technological discourse. In C. Prichard, R. Hull, M. Chumer & H. Willmott (Eds.), Managing knowledge: critical investigations of work and learning (pp. 307-323). Basingstoke. MacMillan.
Orlikowski, W. J. (1996). Learning from notes: organizational issues in groupware implementation. In R. Kling (Ed.), Computerization and controversy: value conflicts and social choices (2nd ed.).San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
67. CipherChallenge material
The book
Singh, S. (1999). The code book. London: Fourth Estate.
The solutions
Almgren, F., Andersson, G., Granlund, T., Ivansson, L., & Ulfberg, S. (2000). How we cracked the code book ciphers, [Online]. Available: http://answers.codebook.org/codebook_solution.pdf
The e-group
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/CipherChallenge