Chp. 1 Introduction to Forensic Science

1. Chp. 1Introduction to Forensic Science “In school, every period ends with a bell. Every sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends with a sentence.” —Stephen Wright, comedian

2. Answer on notebook paper • 5 things you “know” about forensics • 4 things you’ve heard about forensics • 3 things you’ve NEVER heard of (look through book) • 2 Questions about forensics • 1 thing you “MUST” know about forensics

3. What 3 units would you like to learn about in forensic science? • What 3 units would you not like to learn about in forensic science • Look at your book for this question.

4. Please Do Now What does forensic science mean to you? Please write at least 5 lines in your composition book.

5. Count the F’s Finished files are the result of years of scientific study combined with the experience of many years.

6. There are 6! Finished files are the result of years of scientific study combined with the experience of many years.

7. Forensics • Forensic science has come to mean the application of the natural and physical sciences to the resolution of conflicts within a legal setting. • The study and application of science to matters of law • Includes the business of providing timely, accurate, and thorough information to all levels of decision makers in our criminal justice system. • Comes from the Latin forensus, meaning “of the forum” • In Ancient Rome, the forum was where governmental debates were held, but it was also where trials were held (it was the courthouse)

8. I. Definition of Forensic Science The application of science to the criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system.

9. Criminalistics Engineering science General Jurisprudence Odontology Pathology/ Biology 7. Physical Anthropology 8. Psychiatry and Behavioral Science 9. Questioned Documents 10. Toxiology Scope of Forensic Science The 10 sections of The American Academy of Forensic Science (the largest forensic science organization in the world) are:

10. Scope of Forensic Science The list of professions of The American Academy of Forensic Science is not exclusive. It does not encompass skills such as: • Fingerprint examination • Firearm and tool mark examination • Computer and digital analysis • Photography

11. Mathieu Orfila father of forensic toxicology (the study of the adverse effects of chemicals or physical agents on living organisms) (1814) II. History and Development of Forensic Science

12. Please Do Now Read the article “Toxicology on Trial” and answer the following in your composition book: Was Marie Lafarge found innocent or guilty? Why?

13. II. History and Development of Forensic Science Alphonse Bertillon (Father of Criminal Investigation) Devised the first scientific system of personal identification through anthropometry in 1879 Photo showing the measurement of the cubit (from the tip of the middle finger to the elbow) from the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago.

14. Figure 1–3   Bertillon’s system of bodily measurements (anthropometry) as used for the identification of an individual. Courtesy Sirchie Finger Print Laboratories, Inc., Youngsville, N.C., www.sirchie.com

15. Bertillon Activity Use measuring tapes to measure : • The length of torso from the top of your head to the bottom of your seat in a chair • The length of your arm from elbow to tip of middle finger • The hand from wrist to tip of middle finger • Record the data on a piece of notebook paper in a data table and find averages for males and females in the class

16. Bertillon Activity con’t. • Was there a difference between the male and female average measurements? Why or why not? • Do any two people in the class have exactly the same three measurements? If yes - who. Explain why or why not? • Would you want to have to take 9 different measurements for 10 000 people? Why or why not.

17. II. History and Development of Forensic Science Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote Sherlock Holmes —uncanny ability to describe scientific methods of detection years before they were actually discovered and implemented 1887 - A Study in Scarlet

18. II. History and Development of Forensic Science Francis Galton Conducted the first definitive study of fingerprints and their classification (1892) Galton displayed his own fingerprints as part of his title page

19. II. History and Development of Forensic Science Hans Gross Credited with coining the term “criminalistics” Wrote first treatise describing the application of scientific principles to the field of criminal investigation (1893)

20. II. History and Development of Forensic Science Dr. Karl Landsteiner Identifies human blood groups- A, B, AB and O (1901)

21. II. History and Development of Forensic Science Albert S. Osborn Developed the fundamental principles of document examination (1910) Author of Questioned Documents

22. II. History and Development of Forensic Science Edmond Locard Father of criminalistics Built the world’s first forensic lab in France (1910)

23. Locard’s Exchange Principle When two objects come into contact with each other, a cross-transfer of materials occurs. “Every Contact Leaves a Trace”

24. II. History and Development of Forensic Science Leone Lattes Developed a procedure to determine blood type from dried bloodstains (1915)

25. II. History and Development of Forensic Science Calvin Goddard Used a comparison microscope to determine if a particular gun fired a bullet (1929) Goddard with comparison microscope Worked on the St. Valentine’s Day massacre

26. II. History and Development of Forensic Science Walter McCrone Used microscopy and other analytical methodologies to examine evidence (1916-2002) Worked on Shroud of Turin (controversy with results)

27. II. History and Development of Forensic Science Sir Alec Jeffreys Developed the first DNA profiling test in 1984

28. HOMEWORK Read CRIME LABORATORIES pages 14 to 23 Answer Review Questions #11 to 22

29. III. The Crime Lab Katie Woodward, a forensic scientist at the Washington State Patrol Crime Lab, examines a coat for blood spatter. When found, she removes it for DNA analysis. (March 22, 2003)

30. Crime Lab History • First police crime lab in the world was established in _______ in 1910 by __________________ • First police crime lab in the U.S. opened in 1923 by _____________________________ • The first FBI crime lab opened in _________ (now the world’s largest forensic lab - performing more than ___________ examinations per year France Edmond Locard Los Angeles Police Department 1932 one million

31. Please Do Now "Only two things are infinite, the universe and human stupidity, and I'm not sure about the former" -- Albert Einstein

32. Development of Crime Labs • Characterized by a rapid growth accompanied by a lack of national and regional planning and coordination. • Current system of crime labs in U.S. is best described as decentralized • Approximately 350 public crime laboratories operate at various levels of government—federal, state, county, and municipal.

33. Growth of Crime Labs since 1960 • Supreme Court decisions in the 1960s responsible for police placing greater emphasis on scientifically evaluated evidence. (suspect must be advised on their rights - less confessions as a result) • Staggering increase in crime rates. • All illicit-drug seizures must be sent to a forensic lab for confirmatory chemical analysis before going to court. • The advent of DNA profiling. (expected to add ~10,000 forensic scientists in coming years due to DNA profiles)

34. Major Crime Labs in the U.S. • FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) • DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration) • ATF (Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives) • U.S. Postal Service • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

35. International Crime Labs (more than 100 countries have at least 1 forensic science lab) • Great Britain has a national system (in contrast to U.S. independent local labs) of regional labs under direction of the government’s Home Office. • Canada has 3 government-funded institutes: • 6 Royal Canadian Mounted Police regional labs • The Centre of Forensic Sciences in Toronto • The Institute of Legal Medicine and Police Science in Montreal

36. Crime Lab—Basic Services • Physical Science Unit • Chemistry • Physics • Geology • Biology Unit • Firearms Unit • Document Examination Unit • Photography Unit

37. Crime Lab—Basic Services(Physical Science Unit) • Applies principles of chemistry, physics and geology to identify and compare physical evidence such as: • Drugs • Glass • Paint • Explosives • Soil

38. Crime Lab—Basic Services(Biology Unit) • Applies knowledge of biological sciences to investigate samples such as: • Blood • Body fluids • Hair • Fibers • Botanical samples • (ex. wood, plants)

39. Crime Lab—Basic Services(Firearms Unit) • Examines: • Firearms • Discharged bullets • Cartridge cases • Shotgun shells • Ammunition of all types • Garments and other objects for • firearms discharge residues • Approximate distance from target • to weapon

40. Crime Lab—Basic Services(Document Examination Unit) • Studies handwriting and typewriting on questioned documents to determine authenticity and/or source • Analyze paper and ink • Examine indented writings,obliterations, erasures and burned or charred documents

41. Crime Lab—Basic Services(Photography Unit) • Use of highly specialized photographic techniques to make invisible information visible to the naked eye, such as: • Infrared • Ultraviolet • X-ray photography • Photographs crime scenes and physical evidence • Prepares photographic exhibits for court

42. Crime Lab—Basic Services(Photography Unit)

43. Optional Services Provided by Full-Service Crime Lab • Toxicology Unit examines body fluids and organs for the presence of drugs and poisons. • Latent Fingerprint Unit processes and examines evidence for latent fingerprints. • Polygraph Unit conducts polygraph or lie detector tests. • Voiceprint Analysis Unit attempts to tie a recorded voice to a particular suspect. • Evidence-Collection Unit dispatches specially trained personnel to the crime scene to collect and preserve physical evidence.

44. Figure 1–10  An envelope containing anthrax spores along with an anonymous letter was sent to the office of Senator Tom Daschle shortly after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. A variety of forensic skills were used to examine the envelope and letter. Also, bar codes placed on the front and back of the envelope by mail-sorting machines contain address information and information about where the envelope was first processed. Courtesy Getty Images, Inc.—Liaison

45. Special Forensic Science Services • Forensic Pathology • Forensic Anthropology • Forensic Entomology • Forensic Psychiatry • Forensic Odontology • Forensic Engineering • Forensic Computer and Digital Analysis

46. Special Forensic Science Services(Forensic Pathology) Concerned with determining the cause of death Examines wounds and injuries A forensic pathologist examines a kidney during an autopsy. Click for autopsy video “This is the place where the dead shall teach the living.”

47. Please Do Now Explain the statement “This is the place where the dead shall teach the living.” in reference to forensic pathology. Please write at least 5 lines in your composition book.

48. Special Forensic Science Services(Forensic Anthropology) • Assist in identification of deceased individuals whose remains are decomposed, burned, mutilated or otherwise unrecognizable

49. Special Forensic Science Services(Forensic Anthropology) An anthropologist exhumes an unidentified set of remains from a Sarajevo cemetery. Forensic anthropology teams match these and thousands of other remains from conflicts around the world with DNA samples from family members of missing relatives. Photo by T.J. Grubisha 2002, U.S. State Department.

50. Special Forensic Science Services(Forensic Entomology) • Uses insects to help law enforcement determine the cause, location and time of death (TOD) of a human being • Insect life cycles act as precise clocks which begin within minutes of death • Used to determine the TOD when other methods are useless • Insects can also show if a body has been moved after death