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Hegemonic Relations and Inequitable Water Sharing in International Transboundary Settings

Hegemonic Relations and Inequitable Water Sharing in International Transboundary Settings. Environmental Inequalities: Flooding and Water Resources. Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey 24-25 October 2006. M ark Z eitoun zeitounm@yahoo.com. Section 1 LAW, POWER, WATER.

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Hegemonic Relations and Inequitable Water Sharing in International Transboundary Settings

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  1. Hegemonic Relations and Inequitable Water Sharing in International Transboundary Settings Environmental Inequalities: Flooding and Water Resources Centre for Environmental Strategy University of Surrey 24-25 October 2006 Mark Zeitoun zeitounm@yahoo.com

  2. Section 1 LAW, POWER, WATER

  3. International customary law 1997UN Convention on the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercoursescalls for… “Equitable and Reasonable utilisation” geographical, hydrological social and economic needs of all riparians populations dependent on the watercourse effect of use existing and potential use availability of alternatives

  4. How Important is… Law? Catchment Area? Riparian Position?

  5. How Important is… Law? Catchment Area? Riparian Position? POWER

  6. Section 2 CONCEPTUALISING POWER

  7. Four levels of Hegemony Three Dimensions of Power I am talking of millions of men who have been skilfully injected with fear, inferiority complexes, trepidation, servility, abasement… Aimé Césaire x Is it not the supreme exercise of power to get …others to have the desires you want them to have – that is, to secure their compliance by controlling their thoughts and desires? Lukes

  8. A method to deconstruct power and ‘cooperation’: FRAMEWORK OF HYDRO-HEGEMONY considers two features: • Intensities of Conflict and Cooperation • The absence of war does not mean the absence of conflict • Existence of a treaty does not mean cooperation • Influence of Power • Power determines control over, participation in, and distribution of transboundary water resources • Power is the reason water conflicts linger unresolved

  9. ‘The Framework’ also asserts that evaluation of transboundary relations be viewed from the perspective of the weaker party.

  10. Section 3 INEQUALITY / INEQUITABILITY Palestine-Israel

  11. POWER is a prime determinant in transboundary water settings. Power determines: Control over Transboundary Water Resources Participation in management of Transboundary Water Resources Distribution of Transboundary Water Resources

  12. >> CONTROL OVER <<

  13. >> CONTROL OVER <<

  14. >> CONTROL OVER << Palestinian Water Consumption inside the West Bank by Source of Control of Production.

  15. >> PARTICIPATION << 72% of West Bank

  16. >> DISTRIBUTION << SUMMARY OF ALLOCATION “equitable and reasonable”? or hydro-hegemony?

  17. Section 4 DEALING WITH INEQUITABILITY

  18. Some options available to weaker states:

  19. Abstract Model of Hegemony and Counter-Hegemony Ana Cascao ana.cascao@kcl.ac.uk Counter-Hegemony Status quo - challenge Alternatives Contestation POWER RELATIONS Break the consent Asymmetries/ Inequity Consent Sanctioned Discourse Co-option External backup Status quo maintenance Hegemony

  20. ETHIOPIA Challenging Hegemony Ana Cascao ana.cascao@kcl.ac.uk

  21. A final thought about perceptions of “Justice”, “Fairness” and “Inequality” e.g. WATER RIGHTS Israel called for Water Rights, before gaining control and power (<1967). Palestinians now call for Water Rights, but are ignored. The Government of Lebanon rarely calls for them, The Government of Syria rarely calls for them, … but sub-national actors do... Thank-you.

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