Minnesota Wing Aircrew Training: Tasks O-2015, P-2019

1. Minnesota Wing Aircrew Training: Tasks O-2015, P-2019 Ground Operations and Safety Preflight Emergency Egress Flight Line

2. Safety — Three Rules • NEVER sacrifice safety to save time • Use established procedures and checklists • You may have to deviate from common procedures — if you do, use common sense and prudent judgment. (See rule 1)

3. Aircraft Pre-flight • WALK AROUND • WINGS • FUSELAGE • PROPELLER • CONTROLS • LIGHTS • TIRES • OIL • FUEL • COWLING • TIE DOWNS • CHOCKS

4. What was missed on pre-flight?

5. Aircraft Pre-flight • A safety check of the aircraft’s condition for flight • Pre-flight is the pilot’s responsibility • Should be performed with a checklist • Pilot may request assistance of scanner or observer • The walk around portion is an inspection of structural components, equipment, and other essentials such as: • Fuel and oil • Landing, taxi, navigation, and anti-collision lights • Tires and brakes • Additional pre-flight tasks (such as run up, radio checks, etc.) occur after the crew is buckled in.

6. Flightline Operations

7. Flight Line Purpose • Safety • Traffic (and pedestrian) control • Manage congested areas • Fire watch • Logistic assistance • Fuel • Ropes • Etc.

8. Aircraft Refueling Procedures FUEL CAPS GROUND WIRE CHOCKS FUEL SUMP DRAINS

9. Flight Line Operations Safety • No Smoking • Keep the area clean • Use proper surfaces • Never push or pull on propeller to move A/C • Hats off on flight line • Approach aircraft from the rear when possible • If aircraft is facing you, walk out by wing tip then walk behind strut to the door • Seat belts and shoulder harnesses (<1,000’) including when moving on the ground

10. Flight Line Operations — Taxi • Fire bottle (extinguisher) is required for engine start • Only a CAP pilot or FAA-certified mechanic can start, taxi, or otherwise operate CAP aircraft in ground operations • In congested areas — ensure wing tips are clear • Other aircraft • Objects on the airport • If in doubt, get a wing walker

11. Safety During Ramp Movements • Taxiing – all crewmembers looking for obstacles • Obstacle within six feet – get out and push • Obstacle within 6 to 10 feet – get a marshaller or “wing walker” • No unnecessary talk (sterile cockpit) • Obey flightline hand signals • But use common sense – many linemen are inexperienced

12. SIGNALMAN’S POSITION

13. Flight line hand signals Hands out making a pulling motion COME AHEAD Outward motion with thumbs PULL CHOCKS Inward motion with thumbs INSERT CHOCKS Circle with hand START ENGINE

14. Flight line hand signals Motion forward, pointing left TURN LEFT Motion forward, pointing right TURN RIGHT Thumbs up ALL CLEAR - O.K. Downward motion with palms SLOW DOWN

15. Flight line hand signals Crossing hands over head EMERGENCY STOP Hands crossed above head STOP Slash throat with finger CUT ENGINE

16. Safety during Taxiing • Taxiing – all crewmembers assist the pilot • Prevent collisions with other aircraft and vehicles • Help the pilot find and stay on the taxiway (bad weather, low visibility, night on an unlighted airport) • Be familiar with airport signs and markings • Runway markings are white and taxiway markings are yellow

17. Airport Signs and Markings Follow the yellow lines Stay behind the dashed lines Need ATC permission to cross the solid lines

18. Airport Signs and Markings Mandatory signs have a red background with a white inscription May have a row of red stop bar lights embedded in the pavement. When illuminated, do not cross (even if given permission by ATC) Location boundary signs have a yellow background with a black inscription Visible from the runway Visual clues to determine when you’re clear of the runway

19. Airport Signs and Markings Location signs have a black background with a yellow inscription Direction signs have a yellow background with a black inscription

20. Airport-related ATC Clearances • Be familiar with ATC ground clearances that involve the airport signs and markings • Back up the pilot when taxiing • Controllers are required to get acknowledgement of all “hold short” instructions • Pilot/Observer should read back all clearances • “Cleared to taxi” or “Taxi” (implied clearance) • “Cleared for takeoff runway 22”

21. Airport-related ATC Clearances • Meaning of clearances: • “Taxi to …” Cleared to taxi to any point other than assigned takeoff runway. Cleared to cross all runways that intersect the taxi route. Does not authorize taxiing onto or crossing assigned runway. • “Taxi to … hold short of …” Cleared to taxi, but enroute to taxi clearance limit must hold short of another taxiway or crossing runway.

22. Airport-related ATC Clearances • Meaning of clearances: • “Cross runway …” Cleared to cross the runway crossing your taxi route and continue to taxi clearance limit. • “Hold short …”Do notenter or cross the taxiway or runway specified by the controller. If there is a painted hold line, do notcross it. • “Report position” Identify your location on the airport.

23. Egress

24. Emergency Egress

25. Normal Egress - Scanner Position (left rear) • Engine is off, propeller stopped • Front seat crewmember typically open the door • Check to make sure you have everything necessary for debrief • Mission Pilot may pull seat forward while seated to allow scanner to egress • Remove headset, Unfasten seat belt, and step onto step on left landing gear strut, then onto ground • Be observant for other aircraft, propellers (turning and stopped), flaps and ailerons (forehead height)

26. Normal Egress - Observer Position (Forward Right) • Check to make sure nothing will blow out the door when opened and that you have everything necessary for debrief • Open the door only after the engine is off and the propeller stopped. Pull up on armrest handle to open the door • Remove headset • You may wish to pull seat forward while seated to allow scanner to egress (if 4 crewmembers) • This will allow you to push the seat all the way back for easier egress

27. Normal Egress - Observer Position (Forward Right) Continued • Push the seat back: • In Cessnas, this requires you to reach down to the left and hold a small lever, while squeezing a bar under the front of the seat • Unfasten seat belt, and step onto step on right landing gear strut, then onto ground • Be observant for other aircraft, propellers (turning and stopped), flaps and ailerons (forehead height)

28. Normal Egress - Mission Pilot Position (Forward Left) • Complete engine shutdown checklist • Check to make sure nothing will blow out the door when opened and that you have everything necessary for debrief • Don’t forget to remove your headset! • Egress the same as for Observer, except from left door

29. Variation in Egress • Member owner non-Cessna aircraft will require modified egress methods • Many aircraft are low wing and may only have a single door on the left side • All crewmembers should be briefed prior to takeoff on how to open the door and egress the aircraft

30. Emergency Egress • May be due to fire, smoke or other condition that requires immediate egress • Mission Pilot is the crew commander - do not exit the airplane before he tells you to do so • Pilots: whenever possible you should brief you crew on what you want them to do and how you will signal them to do it beforehand • Front seat crewmembers should state if they will be pulling the seat up for the rear seat crewmembers to leave first or not

31. Emergency Egress (continued) • When given the egress order, egress the aircraft by normal methods, but as quickly as possible • Leave debrief materials and other equipment in the aircraft • Don’t forget to remove your headset! • Once clear of the door proceed to an area well away and aft of the aircraft • Meet up with all of the crew to ensure everyone is safe

32. Crash Egress • Normal egress routes may be blocked • A wing may be collapsed, door jammed, or the aircraft may be rolled over on its side or even inverted • Prior to impact door locks should be opened so that the door is ajar • During a crash landing, the fuselage may be deformed, having the door ajar prevents the door from being permanently locked barring egress • On land, once the aircraft has stopped, egress by the fastest route possible • Be aware of dangers such as loose headset wires, sharp metal, spilled fuel, etc.

33. Crash Egress (continued) • If doors are blocked, windows or baggage doors may be kicked out • Once clear of the door proceed to an area well away from of the aircraft • In a water ditching, stay belted in until a door or other egress route is open • Unbelting early will disorient you, possibly trapping you in the aircraft • Meet up with all of the crew to ensure everyone is safe