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Conditional Probability Warm-Up. Remember how to estimate how many people answer yes to embarrassing question P. Calculating Pr(P ) from Pr(H∪P ). H. P. Because H and P are independent events, Pr(H∩P ) = Pr(H ) ∙ Pr(P ). Pr(H ) = .5 Pr(H∪P ) = Pr(H ) + Pr(P ) - Pr(H∩P ).
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Conditional Probability Warm-Up Remember how to estimate how many people answer yes to embarrassing question P
Calculating Pr(P) from Pr(H∪P) H P Because H and P are independent events, Pr(H∩P) = Pr(H) ∙ Pr(P). Pr(H) = .5 Pr(H∪P) = Pr(H) + Pr(P) - Pr(H∩P). So Pr(P) = Pr(H∪P) - Pr(H) + Pr(H)∙Pr(P) Pr(P) = Pr(H∪P) -.5 + .5 ∙ Pr(P) Pr(P) = 2 ∙ Pr(H∪P) – 1
Now Suppose You Raise Your Hand:How Suspicious Should I Be of You? That is, what is Pr(P | H∪P)? Let R = H∪P, r = Pr(R), p = Pr(P) = 2r-1 We want Pr(P | R) = Pr(P∩R)/Pr(R) But P∩R = P∩(H∪P) = P So Pr(P∩R)/Pr(R) = Pr(P)/Pr(R) = p/r = (2r-1)/r = 2 – 1/r If r = ¾, Pr(P|R) = 2 – 4/3 = 2/3
Important Lessons! So if r = .5, Pr(P|R) = 0; if r = 1, Pr(P|R) = 1 With only a finite sample, impossible to calculate probabilitiesprecisely