UNIT 7a:

1. UNIT 7a: Papua New Guinea Fisheries Governance

2. PNG governance • Activity 7a.1. Ask the class to write down what governance is and give examples of what they think is good governance.

3. What is governance? • Governance is the decision making and implementation of coastal fisheries mainly through the process of making policies, laws and rules. • (http://www.unescap.org/pdd/prs/ProjectActivities/Ongoing/gg/governance.asp) • There are two forms of governance in Papua New Guinea: • Formal government system • Informal or traditional governance

4. Formal governance Institutions, mechanisms and processes that the government puts in place to guide and formalise decision making and implementation on policies, laws and rules. NATIONAL PROVINCIAL NATIONAL PALIARMENT LOCAL LEVEL PROVINCIAL ASSEMBLY WARD LOCAL LEVEL GOVERNMENT ASSEMBLY

5. Formal governance • Characteristics of formal governance: • Formal written laws to support the establishment of institutions. • Governance institutions operate across large areas and for large populations, eg. the whole country or the whole province. • Institutions, mechanisms and processes can be changed by changing policies, amendments to laws or making new laws. • Policies, laws and rules are written. • Implementation is supported by Government budget. • Policies and law can be changed through a democratic process. • Elected leaders can make decisions on policies and law

6. Formal institutions I

7. Formal institutions II

8. Fisheries Management Act 1998 • 28. FISHERY MANAGEMENT PLANS. • (1) Notwithstanding Section 3(2), this section applies to all persons, all vessels and all fishing and related activities. • (2) The Managing Director may, and where the Minister so requires shall, cause to be drawn up a Fishery Management Plan in respect of any fishery resource in the fisheries waters. • (3) A Fishery Management Plan shall - • (a) identify the fishery and its characteristics, including its current state of • exploitation; and • (b) specify the objectives to be achieved in the management of the fishery; and • (c) identify any possible adverse environmental effects of the operation of fishing • activities in the fishery; and • (d) identify where appropriate any relevant customary fishing rights or practices. • (4) A Fishery Management Plan shall be kept under review and shall be revised as • necessary.

9. Activity • Activity 7a.2. Ask the class to list the types of governance and specify the difference between the types of governance. • Activity 7a.3: Ask the class to list the roles of the main government institutions in formal governance of coastal fisheries.

10. INFORMAL GOVERNANCE Traditional management – jurisdiction is at a smaller scale: community, clan or family. VILLAGE VILLAGE CHIEF CLAN CLAN CHIEF Control of the marine resource is linked to the ownership as dictated by custom or tradition. SUB CLAN SUB CLAN CHIEF FAMILY GRAND PARENTS OR PARENTS

12. Governance • Activity 7a.4: Ask the class to give examples of informal governance from the area they come from.

13. Traditional management is recognised in formal legislationincluding the PNG constitution and the Fisheries Management Act, 1998: 26. CUSTOMARY RESOURCE OWNERSHIP. The rights of the customary owners of fisheries resources and fishing rights shall be fully recognised and respected in all transactions affecting the resource or the area in which the right operates. Traditional management is also recognised in fishery management plans, eg. beche de mer

14. Informal governance • Characteristics of informal governance: • Specifics on governance are not written. • Governance is based on custom passed through generations. • Governance is always evolving. • Management and rules are normally not written. • Decisions are often made by a single person such as the chief of a clan. • Enforcement of rules normally enforced by the clan or family rather than fisheries officers. • Penalties imposed for breach of rules is according to custom and often the burden of the penalty is shared with the whole clan. E.g. Making a feast or cooking a pig.

15. Traditional example • SOS traditional management • Tatau Island, New Ireland • Declared by maimai – Emmanuel • No-take and closed areas – land and sea • Enforced through man’s house • Enforced by maimai

16. Advanced reading: LMMA working examples in PNG • Activity 7a.5: Describe the pros and cons of formal and informal governance systems in PNG.

17. Review • 15 minute personal review: unit review, students to review main concepts of unit in the course notes, contribute any new words (new to them) to their own personal glossary in the back of their notebook (local language equivalent terms should also be recorded where possible)