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Network Protocols

Network Protocols. Introduction to Protocols. Protocol Rules network uses to transfer data Protocols that can span more than one LAN segment are routable Multiprotocol network Network using more than one protocol. TCP/IP. OSI Model. TCP/IP.

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Network Protocols

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  1. Network Protocols

  2. Introduction to Protocols • Protocol • Rules network uses to transfer data • Protocols that can span more than one LAN segment are routable • Multiprotocol network • Network using more than one protocol

  3. TCP/IP OSI Model TCP/IP • Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) • Suite of small, specialized protocols called subprotocols

  4. TCP/IP model • File Transfer Protocol (FTP) • Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) • Domain Name System (DNS) • Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) The common transport layer protocols include: • Transport Control Protocol (TCP) • User Datagram Protocol (UDP) The primary protocol of the Internet layer is: • Internet Protocol (IP)

  5. TCP/IP model

  6. TCP/IP Compared to theOSI Model • Application layer roughly corresponds to Session, Application, and Presentation layers of OSI Model • Transport layer roughly corresponds to Transport and session layers of OSI Model • Internet layer is equivalent to Network layer of OSI Model • Network Interface layer roughly corresponds to Data Link and Physical layers of OSI Model

  7. The TCP/IP Core Protocols • Certain subprotocols of TCP/IP suite • Operate in Transport or Network layers of OSI Model • Provide basic services to protocols in other layers of TCP/IP • TCP and IP are most significant core protocols in TCP/IP suite

  8. Internet Protocol (IP) • Provides information about how and where data should be delivered • Subprotocol that enables TCP/IP to internetwork • To internetwork is to traverse more than one LAN segment and more than one type of network through a router • In an internetwork, the individual networks that are joined together are called subnetworks

  9. Internet Protocol (IP) • IP datagram • IP portion of TCP/IP frame that acts as an envelope for data • Contains information necessary for routers to transfer data between subnets

  10. IP header format

  11. IP header format:Version • 4 bits. • Indicates the version of IP currently used. • IPv4 : 0100 • IPv6 : 0110

  12. IP header format:Header length • 4 bits. • IP header length : Indicates the datagram header length in 32 bit words (4 bits), and thus points to the beginning of the data.

  13. IP header format:Service type • 8 bits. • Specifies the level of importance that has been assigned by a particular upper-layer protocol. • Precedence. • Reliability. • Speed.

  14. IP header format:Total length • 16 bits. • Specifies the length of the entire IP packet, including data and header, in bytes.

  15. IP header format:Identification • 16 bits. • Identification contains an integer that identifies the current datagram. • Assigned by the sender to aid in assembling the fragments of a datagram.

  16. IP header format:Flags • 3 bits. • The second bit specifying whether the packet can be fragmented . • The last bit specifying whether the packet is the last fragment in a series of fragmented packets.

  17. IP header format:Fragment offset • 13 bits. • The field that is used to help piece together datagram fragments. • The fragment offset is measured in units of 8 octets (64 bits). • The first fragment has offset zero.

  18. IP header format:Time to Live • 8 bits. • Time-to-Live maintains a counter that gradually decreases to zero, at which point the datagram is discarded, keeping the packets from looping endlessly.

  19. IP header format:Protocol • 8 bits. • Indicates which upper-layer protocol receives incoming packets after IP processing has been completed • 06 : TCP • 17 : UDP

  20. IP header format:Header checksum • 16 bits. • A checksum on the header only, helps ensure IP header integrity.

  21. IP header format:Addresses • 32 bits each. • Source IP Address • Destination IP Address

  22. IP header format:Options • Variable length. • Allows IP to support various options, such as security, route, error report ...

  23. IP header format:Padding • The header padding is used to ensure that the internet header ends on a 32 bit boundary.

  24. Ethereal Lab (Analyzing the IP Header) Use Ethereal to capture some frames. Open one of the frames and look at the IP header. Based on what you see, try to answer the following: • What is the IP version? • What is the IP header length? • What is the type of Service? • What is the time to live? • What is the protocol? • What is the source IP address? • What is the destination IP address?

  25. Internet Protocol (IP) • IP is an unreliable, connectionless protocol, which means it does not guarantee delivery of data • Connectionless • Allows protocol to service a request without requesting verified session and without guaranteeing delivery of data

  26. Transport Control Protocol (TCP) • TCP • Provides reliable data delivery services • Connection-oriented subprotocol • Requires establishment of connection between communicating nodes before protocol will transmit data • TCP segment • Holds TCP data fields • Becomes encapsulated by IP datagram

  27. Transport Control Protocol (TCP) • Port • Address on host where application makes itself available to incoming data

  28. Ethereal Lab (Analyzing the TCP Header) Use Ethereal to capture some frames. Open one of the frames and look at the TCP header. Based on what you see, try to answer the following: • What is the source Port? • What is the destination Port? • What is the sequence Number? • What Is the Acknowledgement Number? • What is the header Length?

  29. Additional Core Protocols of the TCP/IP Suite • User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • Connectionless transport service • Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) • Notifies sender of an error in transmission process and that packets were not delivered • Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) • Obtains MAC address of host or node • Creates local database mapping MAC address to host’s IP address

  30. ARP Lab

  31. TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols • Telnet • Used to log on to remote hosts using TCP/IP protocol suite • File Transfer Protocol (FTP) • Used to send and receive files via TCP/IP • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) • Responsible for moving messages from one e-mail server to another, using the Internet and other TCP/IP-based networks • Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) • Manages devices on a TCP/IP network

  32. Labs • FTP Lab • Telnet Lab

  33. Addressing in TCP/IP • IP Address • Logical address used in TCP/IP networking • Unique 32-bit number • Divided into four groups of octets (8-bit bytes) that are separated by periods • IP addresses are assigned and used according to very specific parameters

  34. Addressing in TCP/IP • Though 8 bits have 256 possible combinations, only the numbers 1 through 254 are used to identify networks and hosts • Number 255 is reserved for broadcasts • Broadcast are transmissions to all stations on a network

  35. Addressing in TCP/IP • Loopback address • IP address reserved for communicating from a node to itself • Value of the loopback address is always 127.0.0.1 • Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) • Non-profit organization currently designated by U.S. government to maintain and assign IP addresses

  36. Addressing in TCP/IP • Firewall • Specialized device (typically a router) • Selectively filters or blocks traffic between networks • May be strictly hardware-based or may involve a combination of hardware and software • Host • Computer connected to a network using the TCP/IP protocol

  37. Addressing in TCP/IP • In IP address 131.127.3.22, to convert the first octet (131) to a binary number: • On Windows 2000, click Start, point to Programs, point to Accessories, then click Calculator • Click View, then click Scientific (make sure Dec option button is selected) • Type 131, then click Bin option button • The binary equivalent of number 131, 10000011, appears in the display window

  38. Addressing in TCP/IP • Static IP address • IP address manually assigned to a device • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) • Application layer protocol • Manages dynamic distribution of IP addresses on a network

  39. Viewing Current IP Information

  40. Viewing Current IP Information

  41. Addresses and Names • In addition to using IP addresses, TCP/IP networks use names for networks and hosts • Each host requires a host name • Each network requires a network name, also called a domain name • Together, host name and domain name constitute the fully qualified domain name (FQDN)

  42. NetBIOS and NetBEUI • Network Basic Input Output System (NetBIOS) • Originally designed by IBM to provide Transport and Session layer services • Adopted by Microsoft as its foundation protocol • Microsoft added Application layer component called NetBEUI

  43. NetBIOS and NetBEUI • NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface • Fast and efficient protocol • Consumes few network resources • Provides excellent error correction • Requires little configuration • Can handle only 254 connections • Does not allow for good security

  44. NetBIOS Addressing

  45. Installing Protocols • After installing protocols, they must be binded to NICs and services they run on or with • Binding • Process of assigning one network component to work with another

  46. Chapter Summary • Protocols define standards for communication between nodes on a network • Protocols vary in speed, transmission efficiency, utilization of resources, ease of setup, compatibility, and ability to travel between one LAN segments • TCP/IP is the most popular network protocol

  47. Chapter Summary • TCP/IP suite of protocols can be divided into four layers roughly corresponding to seven layers of OSI Model • Operating in Transport or Network layers of OSI Model, TCP/IP core protocols provide communications between hosts on a network • Each IP address is a unique 32-bit number, divided into four groups of octets separated by periods

  48. Chapter Summary • Every host on a network must have a unique number • Internetworking Packet Exchange/Sequenced Packet Exchange (IPX/SPX) is a protocol originally developed by Xerox then modified and adopted by Novell in the 1980s for its NetWare network operating system • Core protocols of IPX/SPX provide services at Transport and Network layers of OSI Model

  49. Chapter Summary • Addresses on an IPX/SPX network are called IPX addresses • Network Basic Input Output System (NetBIOS) was originally developed by IBM to provide Transport and Session layer services • Microsoft adopted NetBIOS as its foundation protocol, then added an Application layer component called NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface (NetBEUI)

  50. Chapter Summary • To transmit data between network nodes, NetBIOS needs to know how to reach each workstation • Each workstation must have a NetBIOS name • AppleTalk is the the protocol suite used to interconnect Macintosh computers • An AppleTalk network is separated into logical groups of computers called AppleTalk zones

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