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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. The Returns and Risks from Investing. Learning Objectives. Explain the relationship between return and risk. Sources of risk. Methods of measuring returns. Methods of measuring risk. Measuring historical returns and risks of major financial assets. Asset Valuation.

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 The Returns and Risks from Investing

  2. Learning Objectives • Explain the relationship between return and risk. • Sources of risk. • Methods of measuring returns. • Methods of measuring risk. • Measuring historical returns and risks of major financial assets.

  3. Asset Valuation • Function of both return and risk • At the centre of security analysis • How should realized return and risk be measured? • The realized risk-return tradeoff is based on the past • The expected future risk-return tradeoff is uncertain and may not occur

  4. Return Components • Returns consist of two elements: • Yield: Periodic cash flows such as interest or dividends (income return) • “Yield” measures relate income return to a price for the security • Capital Gain or Loss: Price appreciation or depreciation • The change in price of the asset • Total Return = Yield + Price Change

  5. Interest Rate Risk Affects market value and resale price Market Risk Overall market effects Inflation Risk Purchasing power variability Business Risk Financial Risk Tied to debt financing Liquidity Risk Time and price concession required to sell security Exchange Rate Risk Country Risk Potential change in degree of political stability Risk Sources

  6. Risk Types • Two general types: • Systematic (market) risk • economy wide factors that impact returns • Non-systematic (non-market) risk • Unique characteristics specific to a security • Total Risk measured by volatility • Systematic risk measured by beta

  7. Measuring Returns • Total Return is a percentage relating all cash flows received during a given time period, denoted CFt +(PE - PB), to the start of period price, PB

  8. Measuring Returns • Total Return can be either positive or negative • When cumulating or compounding, negative returns are a problem • A Return Relative solves the problem because it is always positive

  9. Measuring Returns • To measure the level of wealth created by an investment rather than the change in wealth, returns need to be cumulated over time • Cumulative Wealth Index, CWIn, over n periods, =

  10. Measuring International Returns • International returns include any realized exchange rate changes • If foreign currency depreciates, returns are lower in domestic currency terms • Total Return in domestic currency =

  11. Measures Describing a Return Series • TR, RR, and CWI are useful for a given, single time period • What about summarizing returns over several time periods? • Arithmetic mean and geometric mean • Arithmetic mean, or simply mean

  12. Arithmetic Versus Geometric • Arithmetic mean does not measure the compound growth rate over time • Does not capture the realized change in wealth over multiple periods • Does capture typical return in a single period • Geometric mean reflects compound, cumulative returns over more than one period

  13. Geometric Mean • Geometric mean defined as the n-th root of the product of n return relatives minus one, or G = • Difference between Geometric mean and Arithmetic mean depends on the variability of returns, s

  14. Inflation-Adjusted Returns • Returns measures are not adjusted for inflation • Purchasing power of investment may change over time • Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a possible measure of inflation

  15. Measuring Risk • Risk is the chance that the actual outcome will be different than the expected outcome • Standard Deviation measures the deviation of returns from the mean

  16. Risk Premiums • Premium is additional return earned or expected for additional risk • Calculated for any two asset classes • Equity risk premium is the difference between stock and risk-free returns • Bond default premium is the difference between the return on long term corporate bonds and long term government bonds

  17. Risk Premiums • Equity Risk Premium, ERP, =

  18. The Risk-Return Record • Since 1938, cumulative wealth indexes show stock returns dominate bond returns • Stock standard deviations also exceed bond standard deviations • Annual geometric mean return for the time period between 1938 and 2003 for Canadian common stocks is 10.32% with standard deviation of 16.36%

  19. Annual Total Returns (1938-2003)

  20. Cumulative Wealth Indexes • On an inflation-adjusted basis

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