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授課大綱

授課大綱. 1. 全世界 大麥之分佈及貿易量 。 2. 大麥之馴化 。 3. 大麥之分類 : ニ稜、四稜及六稜。 4. 大麥之加工利用。 5. 全世界 燕麥之分佈 、 貿易量及種類 。 6. 黑 麥及麥角病。 7. 蕎 麥介紹。. Suggested readings: :. Daisuke Saisho and Kazuyoshi Takeda (2011) Barley: emergence as a new research material of crop science. Plant Cell Physiol. 52(5): 724–727.

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授課大綱

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  1. 授課大綱 1.全世界大麥之分佈及貿易量。 2.大麥之馴化。 3.大麥之分類:ニ稜、四稜及六稜。 4.大麥之加工利用。 5.全世界燕麥之分佈、貿易量及種類。 6.黑麥及麥角病。 7.蕎麥介紹。

  2. Suggested readings:: • Daisuke Saisho and Kazuyoshi Takeda (2011) Barley: emergence as a new research material of crop science. Plant Cell Physiol. 52(5): 724–727. 2. Byung-Kee Baik, Steven E. Ullrich. (2008) Barley for food: Characteristics, improvement, and renewed interest. Journal of Cereal Science 48: 233–242.

  3. The global distribution of barley output in 2005 as apercentage of the top producer (Russia - 15,791,370 tonnes)

  4. Barley was grown in about 100 countries worldwide in 2005.

  5. Barley for Food and Health: Science, Technology, and Products 作者:Newman, Rosemary K./ Newman, C. Walter 出版社:John Wiley & Sons Inc 出版日期:2008年09月22日 語言:英文 ISBN:9780470102497 裝訂:精裝

  6. Barley was one of the first agricultural domesticates together with wheat, pea (Pisum sativum), lentil (Lens culinaris), goats (Capra aegagrus hircus), sheep (Ovis aries), and cattle (Bos taurus) dating from about 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East. Barley was presumably first used as human food but evolved primarily into a feed, malting and brewing grain due in part to the rise in prominence of wheat and rice. In recent times, about two-thirds of the barley crop has been used for feed, one-third for malting and about 2% for food directly. However, throughout its history, it has remained a major food source for some cultures principally in Asia and northern Africa.

  7. Barley was recognized early on as a hearty tasting, high-energy food. For example, the Roman gladiators were known as ‘‘hordearii’’ or ‘‘barley men’’ for eating barley to give them strength and stamina. The major advantage of incorporating barley into various food products and their consumption stems from barley’s potential heath benefits. The effectiveness of barleyb-glucans (b-葡聚醣)in barley food products in lowering blood cholesterol, and glycemic index is widely accepted. Barley is a rich source of tocols, including tocopherols and tocotrienols, which are known to reduce serum LDL cholesterol through their antioxidant action . The recent approval of soluble barley b-glucan health claims by the Food and Drug Administration of the USA for lowering blood cholesterol level could further boost food product development from barley and consumer interest in eating these food products.

  8. Barley is one of the most genetically diverse cereal grains. Barley is classified as spring or winter types, two- row or six-row, hulled or hulless by presence or absence of hull tightly adhering to the to grain, and malting or feed by end-use type. Based on grain composition, barley is further classified as normal, waxy or high amylose starch types, high lysine, high b-glucan, and proanthocyanidin-free. Barleys of different classes often differ widely in physical and compositional characteristics and accordingly have different processing properties and end-use quality.

  9. Plant Physiology, January 2009, Vol. 149, pp. 142–147

  10. 大麥之源起與演化:

  11. PNAS January 23, 2007 vol. 104 no. 4 1427

  12. (A) Two-rowed spike. (B) Six-rowed spike. (C–G) One central and two lateral spikelets at a rachis node. (C) Ethiopian landrace var. deficiens; rudimentary lateral spikelets (Vrs1.t). (D) Two-rowed cultivar var. distichon; sterile lateral spikelets (Vrs1.b). (E) Wild barley var. spontaneum; sterile lateral spikelets (Vrs1.b). (F) Wild barley var. proskowetzii; short-awned or tip-pointed lateral spikelets (Vrs1.p). (G) Six-rowed cultivar convar. vulgare; fully fertile and awned lateral spikelets (vrs1.a). (H and I) Staminate floret of lateral spikelet (H) and hermaphroditic floret (I) in central spikelet in Vrs1.b two-rowed cultivar (D).

  13. PNAS March 11, 2008 vol. 105 no. 10 4062–4067

  14. covered (hulled) barley naked (hulless) barley

  15. 花序 穗狀花序,穗軸扁平,小穗著生於水平節部,穗軸挺直,穗節約10-14節,每節著生3個小穗,每個小穗一小花。------三聯小穗(triple spikelet) 小穗有護穎一對。小花內外穎各一,外穎較大先端有芒或無。雄蕊三個,雌蕊一個,柱頭羽狀,有二分支。 六稜種:三聯小穗皆稔實,自穗頂端向下看時,呈現六角形,因此稱為六稜大麥。 四稜種:三聯小穗皆稔實,但中間小穗較大,與穗軸所形成的角度較小;兩邊小穗較小,與穗軸所形成的角度較大。自穗頂端向下看時,呈現四角形,因此稱為四稜大麥。 二稜種:三聯小穗僅中間小穗稔實,兩邊小穗的雌蕊退化僅剩雄蕊,自穗頂端向下看時,僅呈現兩排穗,因此稱為二稜大麥。

  16. Spikelet cluster

  17. 果實 果實由內穎和外穎緊密包著不易脫離。子實兩端尖銳,中部較寬。腹部有腹溝,頂部有叢毛著生。小穗軸(Rachilla)固著於子實與內穎連接之基部。 帶穎大麥裸大麥 二稜大麥:種子較大較飽滿,澱粉較多蛋白質較少,因此釀造品質較六稜大麥者好,缺點是產量較低

  18. 大麥品種: 二倍體 (2n=14) 野生二稜大麥 Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum栽培二稜大麥 Hordeum vulgare var. distichon (舊名 Hordeum distichon)野生六稜大麥 Hordeum vulgare subsp. agriocrithon 栽培六稜大麥 Hordeum vulgare var. hexastichum (舊名 Hordeum hexastichum)栽培四稜大麥 Hordeum vulgare var. intermedium 四倍體 (2n=28,經誘變處理得到): 部分不稔,產量低,尚未有商業品種

  19. 青稞:裸大麥品種 (但也可能指的是裸燕麥品種) 大麥有別稱,即是稞麥,中國的齊民要術就已有記載。 青稞是西藏的農產,藏民的主食是糌粑,糌粑是由青稞或豌豆等炒熟以後再磨成粉,經過加工製成的。 我國大麥品種:作為冬季裡作栽培,需要春播性強的品種,因為冬天氣溫不夠低。以下是所育出的品種 台中特1號 二稜大麥農院1號 二稜大麥農院2號 二稜大麥農院4號 六稜大麥中興1號 六稜大麥中興2號 二稜大麥 由於生長期短,種子飽滿度差,蛋白質多而澱粉少,因此不是於作啤酒

  20. Grain is used in soups, cereals, bread • 2. Malted Barley (Barley soaked in water, sprouted, • produces amylases which breaks down the starch to • maltose) used in producing: • Beer • Whiskey • 3. Maltose made from malted barley, used in producing: • Candy • Baked goods • Cereals

  21. 啤酒釀造之過程 一、製麥 malting :使大麥適度發芽,在大麥發芽時有酵 素生存,貯存物變成容易溶解的狀況,提供啤酒製造 必要成分,過程分為:浸潤steeping、發芽 germination、烘乾 kilning。 二、糖化 mashing :將研磨後的麥芽加熱,使澱粉糖化變 成糖化液,過濾後添加啤酒花煮沸後經過濾製成麥芽 汁(wort)。 三、發酵 fermentation : 冷卻後加入酵母至發酵桶進行主 發酵,糖分分解成酒精和碳酸氣。 四、過濾 filtration :濾機進行一至二次的過濾程序,以完 全去除酵母及微粒子成為透明琥珀色的啤酒。 五、充填 bottling :合格的空瓶 以真空方式進行充填、封蓋、 貼標、裝箱。

  22. 啤酒花( Hops, 蛇麻)啤酒沒有加啤酒花就不叫做啤酒 啤酒花來源為大麻科植物啤酒花的雌花序。英文名為Hops,別名酒花,酵母花、蛇麻花、唐草花。原產於歐洲,亞洲西部,美洲,新疆等地。啤酒花是毬果類蔓藤性植物,有雄性和雌性之分,只有雌性才有毬果。商業上,啤酒花的藤蔓會繞著用鐵絲線架起的支架生長。啤酒花的葉子像葡萄的葉子,毬果像松果的形狀,是翠綠色的。在花瓣的底部有蛇痲線體(Lupulin gland),富含釀造所需的油質和樹脂,是苦味的來源。啤酒花是一種天然的防腐劑,最早是用來保存啤酒時用的,並能將酒液中多餘的蛋白質凝固、分離出來,使酒液澄清,抑制雜菌的繁殖,使啤酒有豐富的泡沫。今天已經有上百種用在釀製啤酒的啤酒花可以供你選擇。在啤酒花的栽培上,人們致力於生產具有令人滿意特色的啤酒花,並努力改進減少啤酒花的病變。啤酒花會使啤酒帶有苦味,得以調和麥芽的甜味,並使啤酒有清爽提神的風味。啤酒花中主要的苦味成分是α-酸酯(alpha acid resin),是一種不溶於水的物質,但一經煮沸即會產生異構化,而溶解在水中。煮沸的時間越長,則產生異構化的α-酸酯就越多,啤酒中的苦味就越濃;但是,啤酒花的香味卻會隨著煮沸而揮發。啤酒花大致可以分成兩種:苦味型&香味型。苦味型有較高的α-酸酯百分比,約為重量的10﹪;香味型的α-酸酯百分比較低,約為重量的5﹪,但可以提供啤酒所需的香味。所以,在使用啤酒花時,通常先加入苦味型的啤酒花煮1小時;在結束前15分鐘加入香味型的啤酒花。如此,使啤酒同時擁有啤酒花的香味和苦味。

  23. 威士忌製造簡圖

  24. http://www.homebeer.com.tw/html/talk-16.htm

  25. 幾乎是一百五十年穩定成長 ─ 那就是 WHYTE & MACKAY雙獅 酒廠的故事,世界上最大的獨立威士忌酒廠之一。公司的起源需回溯到1844年當時公司成立的名稱是 Allan & Poynter ,在1882年那時經營的 James Whyte 與 Charles Mackay 組成合夥公司。他們的成功是基於他們特別品牌 "special" Brand 的一個獨特配方,它是一個35種高地麥芽威士忌和經過挑選的最佳穀類威士忌混合孕育(Married) 而成,這個混合孕育就造成聞名世界的特級陳年蘇格蘭威士忌 (Whyted & Mackay's Special Reserve Scotch Whisky)。   隨著時間的進展,Whyted & Mackay 日漸流行於全世界,其主要市場是美、加、南非及紐西蘭。二次世界大戰大大的限制了商業發展。威士忌公司亦深受其害,當時沒有威士忌酒製造,戰爭結束後,成熟的威士忌酒庫存嚴重不足,而公司在隨後的四年中忙碌貯存成熟的威士忌,以確得在最旺的年份裏加以擴充,在1960 年與 Dalmore 酒廠合併提供了進入蒸餾製酒的機會,新公司名為 Dalmore Whyte &Mackay 。合併不只是多了一個良好的蒸餾製酒,同時更承繼了一份知識和經驗。這些需延伸回溯到1839年,第一個 Dalmore高地麥芽威士忌進入橡木桶貯存,僅兩家碩果僅存於Dalmore,但是今天有8家每週生產高達65,000公升的酒精,而倉庫設備則可儲存15百萬公升的酒精。 1972年公司加入 Scottish and Universal Inestment Ltd ,蘇格蘭首席信託投資公司,獲得這個財務支持,又有第二家高地麥芽威士忌酒廠 (Fettercairn) 加入本集團。     Fettercain 酒廠,蘇格蘭排名第二成立於1842年的合格老酒廠,每星期26,000公升的酒精,從Fettercairn流過來,並且有接近36百萬公升的酒精在那裡孕育成熟。

  26. The global distribution of oat output in 2005 as a percentage of the top producer (Russia - 4,564,510 tonnes)

  27. 臺灣地區歷年燕麥生產量統計

  28. 燕麥之品種: • 六元體(2n=42) • 普通燕麥 (Avena sativa) • 原生中北歐,較適合凉冷氣候生長,為主要之栽培種。 • 紅燕麥 (Avena byzantina) • 原產南歐, 較普通燕麥耐旱耐熱。 • 近年來普通燕麥及野生紅燕麥為燕麥抗病育種上的 • 重要種原。 • 3.裸燕麥 (Avena nuda) • 普通野燕麥(Avena fatua):類似雜草 • 野生紅燕麥(Avena sterilis)

  29. The global distribution of rye output in 2005 as a percentage of the top producer (Russia - 3,628,420 tonnes)

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