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Chapter 12 Southern Europe Section 1: Physical Geography. Physical Features. Southern Europe has three large peninsulas; Iberian peninsula, Italian peninsula and the Balkan peninsula. Southern Europe is also known as Mediterranean Europe.
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Physical Features • Southern Europe has three large peninsulas; Iberian peninsula, Italian peninsula and the Balkan peninsula. • Southern Europe is also known as Mediterranean Europe. • All of Southern Europe have long coastlines on the Mediterranean Sea.
Physical Features: Landforms • All three peninsulas are largely covered with rugged mountains. • Iberian Peninsula: Pyrenees (Pir-uh-neez) mountains that form a barrier between Spain and France. • Italian Peninsula: Apennines (A-puh-nynz) (run along the whole peninsula) and Alps (Europe's highest mountains) Alps Pyrenees Apennines
Physical Features: Landforms • Southern Europe’s mountains extend into the sea forming islands. There are over 2,00 islands in the Aegean Sea east of Greece. • There are also flat plains along the coasts and river valleys throughout this region: • Good for farming • Where most of the population lives
Water Features • Water is central to the regions geography, no place in Southern Europe is far from a major body of water. • Seas have given people in this region food and easy access to travel around the region. • The largest body of water in the region is the Mediterranean sea. Other seas include the: • Adriatic sea • Aegean sea • Ionian sea • Only a few rivers run through the region: • Tagus (tay-guhs) regions longest river, flows across the Iberian peninsula. • Po river, runs through the Italian peninsula
Climate and Resources • Climate: • Mediterranean Climate • Mild and sunny climate • Mild winters • Little rain in the summer, more rain in the winter • Resources: • Climateis the most valuable resource; ideal for growing crops (citrus fruits, grapes, olives and wheat) • Tourism: Millions of tourists are drawn to the region every year for its climate, beaches and scenery.
Climate and Resources • Seas: • Seas are another resource in Southern Europe • Largest cities are ports that ship goods all over the world • Food: • Variety of Fish and shellfish that provide the basis for a profitable fishing industries.
History: Ancient Greece • Ancient Greece: • The Greeks were pioneers in many fields that have shaped the modern world • Theater: Tragedies and Comedies • Philosophy: Created a system of reasoning that is the foundation for modern sciences. • Democracy: Future governments all around the world will use the Greek’s ideals of democracy into their own governments. • Olympics: 776 BC Olympia, in honor or Zeus • Art: life like paintings and statues that served as examples for later artists to imitate. • Architecture: Built stately temples of marble that continue to inspire architects around the world. • Literature: New forms in history and drama • Math: Made advances in geometry
History: The Romans and the Turks • 300’s Greece become part of Alexander the Great’s empire. • Under Alexander’s rule Greek culture spread throughout his empire. • When the empire broke up Greece became part of the Roman Empire • After AD 400 Roman Empire divided into two parts, Greece became part of the Byzantine Empire. • Apart of Byzantine Empire for about 1,000 years • 1300’s-1400’s Greece was taken over by the Ottoman Turks from Central Asia • Turks were Muslim but allowed people of Greece to remain Christian .
History: Independent Greece • Greeks were not happy under the Turkish rule; rose up against the Turks in the 1800’s. • Greeks received help from other European countries to help drive the Turks out • After rebellion Greece became a monarchy • Greece experienced instability in the 1900’s, falling to a military dictatorship from 1967-1974, but more recently has returned to a democracy.
Culture • Factors that have shaped Greece’s culture • Greek Language • Christianity • Customs adopted from the many groups who have ruled Greece. • Language and Religion: • Speak Greek- one of the oldest languages spoken in Europe today • Orthodox Church- Branch of Christianity that dates back to Byzantine Empire (nearly everyone belongs to)
Culture • Customs: • Food: Influenced by products native to Greece and groups who have ruled Greece over time • Lamb/ Olives/ Vegetables- grow in Greece • Yogurt/ Honey- From the Turks • Family: Central to Greek culture and Greek society
Greece Today • Urban and Rural Greece • 3/5 of all people in Greece live in cities today • Athens- The nations capital, is the largest city and home to 1/3 of the country's entire population. • Outside of the city people live in isolated mountain villages where they grow crops, raise animals such as sheep and goats. • Village life center around a village square- People meet there to discuss local events and make decisions. • Greece’s Economy • Experiencing economic growth but not as much as other European countries. • Lack of resources- Few mineral resources and rugged landscape • Tourism- Very profitable industry for Greece • Millions of people per year come to vacation in Greece • Shipping-largest shipping fleet in the world that ships products all over the world
History: Ancient Rome • According to legend, the city of Rome was built in the 700’s BC. • Greatest civilization developed in Italy was Rome • The Romans created a huge empire. At it’s height, the empire included parts of Europe, Southwest Asia and Northern Africa. • Roman art, architecture, literature, and law still influence people today. • Christianity arose sand spread in the Roman Empire.
History: The Renaissance • The Renaissance was a period of great advances in art, architecture, and literature • Began in the 1300’s cities like Florence. • From Italy, the Renaissance spread to other parts of Europe. • Some of the world’s greatest works of art were created at this time.
History: Unified Italy • Since the Middle ages, Italy had been divided into small states. • In the mid-1800’s, increased feelings of nationalism led people across Italy to fight for unification. • The fight for unification was led by Giuseppe Garibaldi. • Italy was officially unified in 1861
Culture • Religion: • Most people in Italy belong to the Roman Catholic Church • Historically religion has been the strongest influence on Italian culture • Pope- The spiritual head of the Roman Catholic Church • Current Pope- Pope Francis • Lives in Vatican city, located in Rome. • 100’s of churches throughout the city of Rome all periods in history • Local Traditions: • Italian Food: All over Italy people eat many o the same foods; olives, tomatoes, rice, pasta. However the way they prepare the food differs depending on the region you are in. • South- serve pasta with tomato sauces • North- creamy sauces are more common. • Center for the arts: Italy has produced some the worlds greatest painters, designers, sculptors, authors, composers, fashion designers and film makers. • Leaders in contemporary art forms
Italy Today • A shared language, the Roman Catholic church and strong family ties help bind Italians together. • Southern Italy • Country’s poorer half • Heavily dependent on agriculture • Sicily-island of the tip of Italy • Naples- the most important city in southern Italy; major port and manufacturing center. • Northern Italy • Strong economy due to; Fertile farm lands, major trade centers and most popular tourist destinations. • Rome- Capital of Italy (central part of the country) • Major center for banking and industry and one of the world’s most popular tourist sites. • Milan- Largest city in Italy and global fashion capital • Cloths created in Milan influence fashion designers around the world
History Time Line • Spain and Portugal share the Iberian Peninsula or Iberia. • Many powerful empires controlled all or part of the Iberian peninsula in the past: • 700 BC Phoenicians colonized coastal area of what is now Spain • Greeks • Roman Empire • After Roman Empire fell apart, Iberia was invaded by the Moors ( Muslim group from North Africa. For 600 years much of Iberian peninsula was under Muslim rule. • End of the 1400’s the Muslims were driven out of Iberia and the rulers of the Christian kingdoms of Spain and Portugal banned together to force non- Christians to leave Iberia. • Spain and Portugal went on to build huge empire that spanned the oceans having territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia. • Colonies of Spain and Portugal broke away in the 1800’s and 1900’s and became independent.
Culture • Language: • Most widely spoken languages are Spanish and Portuguese • Different dialects of each are spoken differently in different parts of the region. • Religion: • Most people in Spain and Portugal are Roman Catholic • Celebrate Christmas/ Easter • Hold festivals in honor of their patron saints • Music and Art: • Portuguese are famous for sad folk songs called fados • Spanish are known for a style of song and dance called flamenco • Many elements of Iberia’s art and architecture reflect its Muslim past • Round arches • Elaborate tile work http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wiuH7yOMCVo (flamenco) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=on9lKHZc5jA (fados)
Spain and Portugal Today • Spain • Still governed by a king (descendent of kings who ruled long ago) • Parliamentary Monarchy- The king rules with the help of an elected parliament • Agriculture was once the major economic activity, now they create automobiles and high tech products • Major cities like Madrid and Barcelona are centers for industry, tourism and culture • Portugal • Republic with elected leaders • Economy based largely on industries centered in large cities like Lisbon • In rural areas many people depend on agriculture as a source of income
