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The World 1910-1930’s

The World 1910-1930’s. World War I Causes, Events, Aftermath. The Great War. Map of Allied and Central Powers. United States. ALLIED POWERS Major Powers British Empire (1914 – 1918) France (1914 – 1918) Italy (1914 – 1918) Russia (1914 – 1917) United States (1917 – 1918)

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The World 1910-1930’s

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  1. The World 1910-1930’s

  2. World War I Causes, Events, Aftermath The Great War

  3. Map of Allied and Central Powers United States ALLIED POWERS Major Powers • British Empire (1914–1918) • France (1914–1918) • Italy (1914–1918) • Russia (1914–1917) • United States (1917–1918) CENTRAL POWERS Major Powers • Austria-Hungary (1914–1918) • Germany (1914–1918) • Ottoman Empire/Turkey (1914–1918)

  4. Long-Term Causes New Zealand troops in the Somme and Ancre area

  5. Long-Term CausesWWI • Competition over Africa • Anglo-German rivalry • Industrial competition • Nationalism • System of alliances

  6. Alliances • Designed to balance power in Europe • Triple Entente: U.K., France, and Russia • Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy • Alliances assured total peace or total war “The game of the day,” 1879

  7. Industrialization • Changed all aspects of life • Armies swifter, stronger, more mobile, deadlier • New military technologies Krupp’s Great Gun

  8. Nationalism • A uniting force • Patriotism combined with a sense of superiority • Called for conquering the inferior “Ruthlessness means German unity”

  9. Balkan Powder Keg • Nationalist feelings divide country • Multiple languages, religions, and cultures • Each wanted its own homeland A battle in the first Balkan War

  10. Archduke Franz Ferdinand • Ferdinand and his wife assassinated, June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife on the parade route in Sarajevo

  11. Trench Warfare • Forces dug in to begin trench warfare along 475-mile front • Plagued with disease, lice, water, and mud • German trenches were the most sophisticated British trench soldiers in France wait to attack

  12. British battlefield in Belgium, September 1917

  13. Canadians in trench warfare

  14. Global Dimensions of the War • Former British colonies fought in Europe and the Middle East • African troops from French & Britain colonies • Indian sepoys fought in the Middle East

  15. Indians at front Indian soldiers from the so-called warrior castes had long been a critical factor in imperial Britain's global power. These Indian troops, preparing for the Battle of the Somme in 1916 during World War I, ironically appear to be out for a pleasant bicycling excursion. Dispatched to France in October 1914, most Indian soldiers were moved to western Asia in 1915 to fight against the Ottoman Empire. (Courtesy of the Trustees of the Imperial War Museum)

  16. Most important non-European theater of the war was the Middle East • T.E Lawrence – Lawrence of Arabia • 1st 20th century genocide – Armenians

  17. Armenian Genocide

  18. War’s End: The Armistice • November 11, 1918 • Temporary agreement to stop fighting • Peace negotiations and treaty followed Crowds of people celebrating the armistice

  19. Paris Peace Conference The “Big Four” at the Paris Peace Conference • Defeated powers were not invited • Six months to reach treaty agreement on Germany Paris Peace Conference, 1919

  20. Paris Peace Conference • Treaty of Versailles – Punitive measures against Germany • War guilt • Loss of territory • Loss of colonies • Disarmament • War payments

  21. Number of Wounded Allied Powers Central Powers A British first aid station near Cambrae, 1918

  22. Number of Deaths Central Powers Allied Powers German soldier lies dead next to his machine gun

  23. Long term consequences • Destruction of eastern and central European empires • Communism in Russia • Instability in eastern Europe • Social and political transformation • Further industrialization of European economies

  24. German resentment • Sense of uncertainty and anxiety in European culture • Women’s suffrage

  25. New Nations: Europe • Ireland • Northern Ireland • Division of Austria-Hungary • Austria • Hungary • Czechoslovakia • Yugoslavia • Other portions went to Romania, Poland, and Italy Sinn Fein members in British Parliament, 1918

  26. New Nations:The Middle East • Sykes-Picot Agreement • Mandates • Balfour Declaration • Anti-western views Arab leaders at the Paris Peace Conference (Captain T.E. Lawrence, third from right)

  27. Great Depression Economic Crisis

  28. Depression Defined • A long recession • Recession – High unemployment and slow economic growth

  29. Causes • New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) collapsed on Oct. 24, 1929 • Caused a chain of reactions • Consumers cut their purchases • Companies laid off workers • Small farms failed

  30. Run on Banks

  31. Migrant Worker

  32. Depression in the Industrial nations • France & England – forced their colonies to purchase their products • Japan & Germany relied on exports to pay for imports – suffered • U.S. New Deal Programs – other countries did similar programs • Germany & Japan military build-up

  33. Depression in nonindustrial regions • India & China not affected • Countries that depended on exports of raw materials were devastated • Military dictatorships took over Latin America • Southern Africa boomed – increasing value of gold

  34. Mass culture -20’s & 30’s • Radio- entertainment for everyone, could be used to mobilize the masses politically • Film – “Hollywood” movie-making capital of the world – synonymous with vulgarity and decadence- also used for propaganda • Advertising- emerged as a major industry

  35. Rise of Extremism:Japan and Russia Japan • Moved to expand its empire • Extend its influence to mainland China • Rise of militaristic extremists Russia • Joseph Stalin • Modernization • Repression Joseph Stalin meets Chairman Mao

  36. Rise of Extremism: Germany • Dissatisfaction with Weimar government • Hyperinflation • Resentment over terms of the Versailles Treaty • National Socialists (Nazis) • Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (x over his head) as a World War I corporal

  37. Rise of Extremism: Italy • Fascist Party • Benito Mussolini Benito Mussolini addresses followers in Colosseum

  38. Post-War Europe • Instability • Spread of fascism Map of Europe after World War I, 1919–1926

  39. 1911 Chinese Revolution • Republic of China (ROC) proclaimed • Sun Yat Sen as President. • Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) seeks democratic reforms

  40. Sun Yat-sen

  41. 1912 Collapse of Democracy • Sun Yat Sen steps down - • General Yuan Shi Kai becomes president - • then dictator - • seeks to become Emperor.

  42. 1916 Warlord period begins • Yuan Shi Kai dies - • control collapses - • chaos reigns - • warlords rule country

  43. Sun & Nationalists return to China • Ideas from the Soviet Union influence Chinese Nationalists - • Soviet Union aids the Chinese with money and training.

  44. 1919 May Fourth Incident • Chinese students demonstrate against Military gov’t - • leads to attacks on classical Chinese culture and Confucianism.

  45. Chinese Civil War Nationalists v. Communists

  46. 1921 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) • Zhou En Lai among founders of the communist party in Shanghai - • Mao Zedong a minor member of the party believes in revolution by the masses.

  47. Mao Zedong

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