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Psychological Resources for Healthy Longevity Cross-Sectional Analyses of Subjective Well-Being in the Chinese Longitud

Psychological Resources for Healthy Longevity Cross-Sectional Analyses of Subjective Well-Being in the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Study (CLHLS). Jacqui Smith Denis Gerstorf Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin Li Qiang

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Psychological Resources for Healthy Longevity Cross-Sectional Analyses of Subjective Well-Being in the Chinese Longitud

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  1. Psychological Resources for Healthy Longevity Cross-Sectional Analyses of Subjective Well-Being in the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Study (CLHLS) Jacqui Smith Denis Gerstorf Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin Li Qiang Institute of Population Research, Peking University

  2. A Psychological Approach to Healthy Longevity • Psychological resources linked to sustaining subjective well-being contribute to: • survival in very old age Psychological resources underlie behavior, decision-making, and adaptation to social losses, physical illness, disability, and functional impairment • psychological health • Older individuals high in psychological resources that maximize positive well-being and protect against or minimize negative well-being function well in everyday life and can age with dignity Smith, Gerstorf & Li, 2004

  3. Why Do We Consider Two Sides of Well-Being? • Subjective well-being is multifaceted. • Different psychological processes and outcomes are linked to the positive and negative components. • Positive Side of Well-Being e.g., happiness, hope, contentment, trust, interest • processes thatmaintain, broaden, and build • outcomes: vitality, everyday competence, autonomy, • enhanced immune system • Negative Side of Well-Being • e.g., sadness, worry, anger, fear, boredom • processes oflethargy, flight, or fight • outcomes: chronic stress, depression, isolation, • physiological dysfunction Smith, Gerstorf & Li, 2004

  4. Optimal Resources for Well-Being: Optimal vs. Less-Functional Maximize Positive Minimize Negative A well-functioning (healthy) psychological system is characterized by an integrated balance of psychological resources that maximize positive well-being and minimize negative well-being Smith, Gerstorf & Li, 2004

  5. Psychological Measures Included in the CLHLS Estimates of Resource Potential for Well-Being Potential to Maximize Positive Well-Being (4 items, 5-point response scale) OptimismDo you always look on the bright side of things? ConscientiousnessDo you like to keep your belongings neat and clean? Personal ControlCan you make your own decisions about your personal affairs? HappinessAre you just as happy now as when you were younger? Potential to Minimize Negative Well-Being (3 items, 5-point response scale) Note: To estimate these resources we reverse coded all item responses. Low NeuroticismDo you often feel fearful or anxious? Low LonelinessDo you often feel lonely and isolated? High Self-WorthDo you feel that the older you get, the more useless you are? Smith, Gerstorf & Li, 2004

  6. Structure of Resources For Positive and Against Negative Well-Being T1:1998 N = 8805 Optimism .62 .62 .51 Conscientiousness .74 Positive .43 Sense of Personal Control .81 .55 Happiness .33 .70 (.21) .61 Lo Neuroticism .63 Lack of Negative .73 Lo Loneliness .46 .46 RMSEA = .054NFI = .95 High Self-Worth .79 Note: Differences in item format 1998 - 2000 did not alter the factor structure significantly. Smith, Gerstorf & Li, 2004

  7. Analytic Strategy • Cross-Sectional Analyses (Baseline, 1998) • Focus on selectivity analyses and age cohort comparisons of responses to well-being items • If psychological resources for well-being contribute to healthy longevity: • Survivors in the 2-year longitudinal sample > mortality dropouts • Centenarians more positively selected for psychological resources than octogenarians • Minimal age cohort differences in the 2-year longitudinal sample at baseline assessment • Beyond age: cognitive fitness and engagement in life activities should be related to individual differences in potential for well-being Smith, Gerstorf & Li, 2004

  8. 2-Year Longitudinal "Survivor" Sample at 1998 The 2-year CLHLS sample (N = 4691) Missing psychological data 3% - 7% at T1; 9% to 15% at T2 Missings primarily due to poor hearing, vision, cognitive impairment We used N = 4006 complete longitudinal psychological data (1998 & 2000) Mean age = 89.3 years; 56% women Smith, Gerstorf & Li, 2004

  9. Evidence for Psychological Aspects of Healthy Longevity (1) Participants in CLHLS 2-year longitudinal sample had a high potential for well-being (N = 4006) % High on Resources for Positive Well-Being 87% Conscientiousness 80% Optimism 64% Personal Control 53% Happiness % High on Resources Against Negative Well-Being 76% Low Neuroticism 72% Low Loneliness 41% High Self-Worth Note. High = % responding that item is a "good / very good" description of themselves. Smith, Gerstorf & Li, 2004

  10. Evidence for Psychological Aspects of Healthy Longevity (2) At Baseline (1998), the 2-year Longitudinal Survivors (N = 4006)had a Higher Potential for Well-Being than the "Dropouts” (N = 4114) Substantial Effects for Resources linked to Positive Well-Being Effect Sizes in SD units 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 Conscientiousness Positive Resources Optimism Control Happiness Negative Resources Lo Neuroticism Lo Loneliness Hi Self-Worth Smith, Gerstorf & Li, 2004

  11. 80 - 84 80 - 84 85 - 89 85 - 89 90 - 94 90 - 94 95 - 99 95 - 99 100+ 100+ Evidence for Psychological Aspects of Healthy Longevity (3) At Baseline (1998), the Potential for Well-Being was Higher in the Older Age Cohorts (Positive Selectivity Effect) Effect Sizes in SD units 0.5 1.0 Positive Resources Negative Resources Within Age Cohort Comparisons 2-year Longitudinal Participants (N = 4006) vs. "Mortality Dropouts” (N = 4114) Smith, Gerstorf & Li, 2004

  12. Profile of Well-Being Resources: Majority Were Optimal Resources for Positive 64% Resources against Negative A well-functioning (healthy) psychological system is characterized by an integrated balance of psychological resources that maximize positive well-being and minimize negative well-being Smith, Gerstorf & Li, 2004

  13. Evidence for Psychological Aspects of Healthy Longevity (4) Minimal Age Cohort Differences in Psychological Resources At Baseline (1998) in the 2-year Longitudinal Sample Note however that individual differences were substantial at all ages Describes me.... Always 5 Conscientiousness Often 4 Optimism Control Happiness Sometimes 3 Neuroticism Seldom 2 Loneliness Self-Worth Never 1 80 - 84 85 - 89 90 - 94 95 - 99 100+ Smith, Gerstorf & Li, 2004

  14. 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 80 85 90 95 100 105 Well-Being Was Relatively High…..But This CLHLS sample was positively selected for well-being Change in the negative side of well-being may be death-related Describes me ... Optimism Often Conscientiousness Personal Control Happiness Sometimes Seldom Neuroticism Loneliness Self-Worth Age 2000 - Age 2002 Gerstorf, Li, & Smith 2004

  15. 5 4 Positive Well-Being (max = 5) 3 2 1 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 Well-Being Was Relatively High…..But There were substantial individual differences in amount and direction of change in well-being e.g., some individual change trajectories in cognitively fit centenarians Age 2000 - Age 2002 Gerstorf, Li, & Smith 2004

  16. Moderators of 2-Year Change in Well-Being • Regression analyses predicting change revealed: • Age cohort effects eliminated if analyses restricted to cognitively fit participants (n = 855) • After partialing out level of well-being at 2000, cognitive fitness, engagement in life activities, social context (number of living children) and living in the city uniquely attenuated change in the positive side of well-being (R2 = 7%) • After partialing out level of well-being at 2000, only gender uniquely attenuated change in the negative side of well-being (R2 = 2%): Women changed more than men Gerstorf, Li, & Smith 2004

  17. Psychological Resources for Well-Being are Associated with Healthy Longevity • Survivors in the 2-year longitudinal sample > mortality dropouts This finding needs to be followed-up with survival analyses • Centenarians were more positively selected for psychological resources than 80-year-olds Resources for positive well-being may be especially sensitive indicators of the potential for healthy longevity in old age • Minimal age cohort differences in the 2-year longitudinal sample at baseline assessment This is contrary to expectations given negative age differences in physical health, disability and functional impairment • Potential for well-being is multidimensional and integrated with cognitive fitness, engagement in life activities, and social context Smith, Gerstorf & Li, 2004

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