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Chapter 8

Chapter 8. Earthquakes. Recent Earthquakes. Kobe Earthquake 07.01.1995 Satellite Photos - Japan Before and After Tsunami - Interactive Feature - NYTimes.com Video of Tsunami - Video Library - The New York Times Earthquake and Tsunami - Video Library - The New York Times

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Chapter 8

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  1. Chapter 8 Earthquakes

  2. Recent Earthquakes • Kobe Earthquake 07.01.1995 • Satellite Photos - Japan Before and After Tsunami - Interactive Feature - NYTimes.com • Video of Tsunami - Video Library - The New York Times • Earthquake and Tsunami - Video Library - The New York Times • Day 2: Japan's Earthquake - Video Library - The New York Times • Day 3: Japan’s Nuclear Woes - Video Library - The New York Times • Widespread Devastation in Japan - Video Library - The New York Times

  3. Where do earthquakes occur? • On Earth of course • Seismology is the study of earthquakes • Most quakes occur at the edge of tectonic plates • Tectonic plates are pieces of the lithosphere that move on top of the asthenosphere

  4. Plate tectonics • Plates push and pull upon one another • Faults occur when the crust breaks • Breaks occur at the edge of plate boundaries

  5. What causes Quakes • The changing of rocks due to stress is called deformation • Focus is the area in the crust where the rock under stress breaks • Epicenter is the point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus

  6. Focus and epicenter

  7. Earthquake Characteristics

  8. E-quake Motion • Seismic Waves • Waves of energy that travel through the earth • Seismic waves classified as: • P waves • S waves • Surface

  9. P and S waves • Travel through the Earth • Released from Focus • When they reach the surface at epicenter become Surface waves

  10. P waves Primary wave Pressure wave Arrives first Travels through solid, liquid or gas 1st wave to be detected S waves Secondary wave Shear wave Arrives last Cannot travel through liquid P and S Wave Characteristics

  11. Surface wave • Move the ground up and down in circles • Travel slower than P and S but are more destructive

  12. Measuring E-quakes • Common Methods • Mercalli • Rating based upon damage • Richter • Rating based upon seismic wave • Moment Magnitude • Rating based upon total energy released • Used to rate all earthquakes

  13. Earthquake Damage • Damage occurs due to: • Shaking • Liquefaction • Loose soil turns to mud • Aftershocks • Earthquake after larger earthquake • Tsunamis • Water displacement

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