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Chapter 7

Chapter 7. Making A Living. Chapter Questions. How do human cultures impact their environments? In what ways do different societies make a living? What are some of the relationships between subsistence strategies and other aspects of culture and social life?

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Chapter 7

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  1. Chapter 7 Making A Living

  2. Chapter Questions • How do human cultures impact their environments? • In what ways do different societies make a living? • What are some of the relationships between subsistence strategies and other aspects of culture and social life? • How can anthropology make a difference in increasing food production?

  3. Subsistence Patterns • Ways in which societies transform material resources of the environment into food, clothing and shelter. • Develop in response to: • Seasonal variation in the environment. • Environmental variations over the long run such as drought, flood, or animal diseases.

  4. Human Adaptation • Impact of modern science and technology. • Nonindustrial societies rely on their knowledge & simple technologies. • Lacandones & Amish people

  5. Subsistence Strategies • Population density - number of people inhabiting an area of land. • Productivity—yield per person per unit of land. • Efficiency—yield per person per hour of labor invested.

  6. Major Subsistence Strategies • Foraging • Pastoralism • Horticulture • Agriculture • Industrialism

  7. Foraging • Relies on food naturally available in the environment. • Strategy for 99% of the time humans have been on earth. • Limits population growth and complexity of social organization.

  8. Pastoralism • Caring for domesticated animals which produce both meat and milk. • Involves a complex interaction among animals, land, and people. • Found along with cultivation or trading relations with food cultivators.

  9. Horticultural • Production of plants using non-mechanized technology. • Plant and harvest with simple tools, without use of animals, irrigation, or plows. • Typically a tropical forest adaptation • Slash & burn agriculture.

  10. Agriculture • Production of plants using plows, animals and soil and water control. • Associated with: • Sedentary villages, the rise of cities • Occupational diversity • Social stratification

  11. Transitions to Industrial Economy Had an effect on many aspects of society: • Population growth • Expanded consumption of resources • International expansion • Occupational specialization • Shift from subsistence strategies to wage labor

  12. Effects of Global Exchange Resulted in worldwide inequities: • Cultivation oriented primarily toward the market • Predominance of wage labor • Control over culture and social institutions

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