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Dermatology Primer

Dermatology Primer . Selected Skin Diseases and Treatment Tailored for the Athletic Trainer Prepared by Dr. Garth Russo 6.December.2002. Dermatology: Common Pathology. Infectious Bacterial Viral Fungal Parasitic Immunologic Inflammatory Allergic Acne.

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Dermatology Primer

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  1. Dermatology Primer Selected Skin Diseases and Treatment Tailored for the Athletic Trainer Prepared by Dr. Garth Russo 6.December.2002

  2. Dermatology: Common Pathology • Infectious • Bacterial • Viral • Fungal • Parasitic • Immunologic • Inflammatory • Allergic • Acne

  3. Bacterial Infections • Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes account for the vast majority of skin infections • Staph and strep have historical and contemporary significance • Both are part of the normal flora of our skin • A wide variety of bacteria are associated with unique circumstances (e.g.. meningitis, tetanus, anthrax, syphilis) • Bacterial infections are generally opportunistic and locally tissue destructive stimulating inflammation and pus formation • Antibiotic resistance issues are significant • Folliculitis • Cellulitis • Impetigo • Boil/Furuncle/Abscess/Carbuncle

  4. Folliculitis: Common • Small pustules located at the base of hairs within the follicle structure. Generally a staph infection. • Symptoms are generally mild and the course can be self limited. The condition can be recurrent and frustrating regardless of treatment. • Warm moist skin (bathing suits)and irritation of skin (shaving, chafing, drying) are risk factors • Treatment consists of oral or topical antibiotics, general skin care, support. • The benefit of antibacterial soaps is suspect and potentially harmful

  5. Folliculitis: Common

  6. Folliculitis: Special Circumstances • Hot tub Folliculitis • Caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa found in hot tubs that are poorly cleaned, especially wooden. • Appears much like common folliculitis 1-2 days after exposure, lesions become larger and more varied in size • Can be most evident where bathing suits rub • Very superficial and self limited • May occasionally be treated with oral antibiotics, ciprofloxacin or Augmentin

  7. Hot Tub Folliculitis

  8. Folliculitis: Special Circumstances • Pseudofolliculitis barbae (razor bumps) • Tightly curled hairs embed into skin and irritate it generating raised, reddened papule or pustule • Treated by allowing hair to grow out, using hair growth inhibitors. • Acne keliodalis • Inflammation from a folliculitis at base of neck, generally in back, or a pseudofolliculitis makes a keloid, or hypertrophic scar. • Treated with primary prevention, antibiotics, or local steroid injections.

  9. Pseudofolliculitis barbae

  10. Acne Keliodalis

  11. Cellulitis • A superficial infection of the skin by a bacteria, usually strep or staph • Appears as a reddened, raised, tender or painful area with sharply defined margins. May generate fever, flu symptoms • Often associated with skin trauma • Generally not associated with drainage but can weep • Will progress, if not treated, to a deeper infection • Necrotizing fasciitis (“flesh eating bacteria”) • Treated with antibiotics, generally cephalexin, erythromycin, dicloxicillin, Augmentin

  12. Cellulitis

  13. Impetigo • The most common skin infection in children • Characterized by various forms; bullous, vesicular, or pustular. Very superficial • Caused by staph or strep bacteria, and form is often a function of which bacteria is present • Bullous form is usually staph • Vesicular form begins small and ruptures to form a characteristic “honey” crust • Can be quite contagious and patients will often auto-infect themselves by scratching • Treated with anti-staph/strep antibiotics. Topical mupiricin (Bactroban) effective

  14. Impetigo

  15. Boil, Furuncle, Abscess, Carbuncle • Deeper skin infection with staph or strep bacteria. • Hallmark is tissue destruction, marked inflammatory response, central necrosis and pus accumulation • Carbuncle is generally a term used for interconnected abscesses, furuncle if abscessed follicles • Hidradenitis suppurativa is a carbuncle of apocrine sweat glands, usually in the axilla • The hallmark of treatment is surgical, I&D. Anti-staph/strep antibiotics are also useful

  16. Abscess

  17. Carbuncle

  18. Furuncle

  19. Hidradenitis Suppurativa

  20. Viral Infections • Herpes Simplex I • Herpes Simplex II • Cutaneous Herpes • Varicella (Chicken Pox) • Vaccinia (Small Pox) • Papiloma Virus (Warts) • Molluscum Contageosum • Viral Exanthems

  21. Herpes Simplex • HSV I • Oral Herpes, fever blister • HSV II • Genital herpes • Cutaneous Herpes • Herpes Gladiatorum • Treatment: Antiviral drugs; reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTI’s); acyclovir (Zovirax), famcyclovir (Famvir) valcyclovir (Valtrex). Topical acyclovir, penciclovir (Denavir), docosanol (Abreva) • Response is varied and timing is important for all

  22. Herpes VirusBehavior

  23. Oral Herpes

  24. Genital Herpes

  25. Cutaneous Herpes: Herpes Gladiatorum

  26. Varicella Virus • Chicken Pox • Shingles • The Varicella virus is in the Herpes Virus family • Most attained immunity by active infection in past, now vaccine • Varicella is very dangerous to fetus if pregnant mom gets infected, or to immunocompromised • Shingles is a consequence of primary infection, dermatomal distribution • Prevention: Varicella vaccine: Children, single dose; Adult, two separated by 4-6 months • Shingles associated with post herpetic neuralgia • Treatment with RTI’s, skin care, anti itch or anti-pain meds, colloid (oatmeal baths) • In both cases patients are infectious until lesions crust

  27. Chicken Pox Chicken pox are characterized by vesicles on a red base of varying shapes and levels of development. There may be mild fever and flu like symptoms but generally patients are not too sick. Complications, however include pneumonia, meningitis, encephalitis, and overwhelming sepsis. Resolution generally occurs by 7 to 10 days.

  28. Shingles

  29. Variola: Smallpox • Smallpox • Eradicated from the US 1949, world (Somalia) in 1977 • Two clinical forms; Variola minor and major • Potential weapon of mass destruction

  30. Warts • Common wart • Plantar Wart • Genital Wart • There are many many species of wart virus • Can be located anywhere, and different species like different sites. • Treatment is generally similar: • Tissue destruction by freezing, burning, excision, acids, laser • Chemotherapy; podophyllin • Immunotherapy; imiquimod, bleomycin, interferon • Mechanical; smothering/tape • Can be self limited. 66% of warts resolve within a year • Some strains are associated with cervical cancer

  31. Common Wart: Verucca Vulgaris

  32. Plantar Wart

  33. Genital Warts

  34. Molluscum Contagiosum • Very contagious pox virus infection, sexually transmittable with reports of transmission through shared towels and gym equipment. Generally self limited, made worse by shaving. Can last for months and treatment is usually by tissue destruction, freezing, acid, needle curettage.

  35. Viral Exanthems

  36. Fungal Infections • Fungal infections are generally opportunistic, less communicable (except T. Capitis), more superficial • Prefer warm, moist, or thickly keratinized skin • Causes are trichophyton and microsporum species referred to as dermatophytes. Occasionally yeast or candida • Generic lesions are inflammatory and appear eczematous, flaky, red, itchy • Tinea Corporis (on the body) • Tinea Pedis (on the foot) • Tinea Cruris (in the groin area) • Tinea Capitis (on the head)

  37. Fungal Infections:Treatment • Topical antifungal creams are the mainstay of therapy • Lamisil, Lotrimin, Mycelex, etc. All OTC • Often topical steroids will be used to lessen inflammatory response. Mycolog, Lotrisone • Tinea versicolor: use of Selsun shampoo, selenium sulfide common, also oral antifungal in a single dose; ketoconazole 400mg po once. • Oral therapies needed for nail infections, advanced athlete’s foot, scalp infections. • Lamisil, Sporonox, Nizoral (ketoconazole), Griseofulvin, Diflucan all have a place and unique dosing regimens based on location and type of fungus

  38. Tinea Corporis: Ringworm

  39. Tinea Versicolor

  40. Tinea Pedis: Athlete’s Foot

  41. Tinea Cruris

  42. Tinea Capitis

  43. Tinea Unguium

  44. Parasites:Scabies

  45. Scabies: Treatment • Lindane (Kwell) • Crotamiton (Eurax) • Permethrin 5% (Elimite) • Itch is often out of proportion to rash • Incubation period is about 1 month • Treatment may have to be repeated in a week • Clothing and bedding should be washed with hot water • Intimate contacts should be considered for treatment • Secondary infection of lesions is common

  46. Immunologic Processes • Inflammatory Conditions • Allergic Responses • Acne

  47. Inflammatory Conditions • Inflammatory Conditions • Eczema • Psoriasis • Contact Dermatitis • Pityriasis Rosea • Essentially all of these conditions respond to topical and/or oral steroids • General principles include skin protection and moisturizers • Therapy for psoriasis can include immune modulating drugs like methotrexate, and/or UV therapies, and can be both toxic and complex

  48. Eczema

  49. Psoriasis

  50. Psoriasis

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