What Is Motivation?

1. What Is Motivation? Motivation: The factors that make us do things, motivation leads to behavior Biological factors Emotional factors Cognitive factors Social/Cultural factors

2. Theories of Motivation Instinct Theory Incentive Theory Drive Theory Arousal Theory

3. Instinct Theory Instincts: Automatic, involuntary, and unlearned behavior patterns triggered by particular stimuli A number of human behaviors are present at birth Evolutionary approach suggests that such behaviors have evolved because they were adaptive for promoting human survival

4. Incentive Theory: Emphasizes the role of external stimuli that motivate behavior People respond to incentives (rewards) to motivate behavior Ex: Pay bonuses at work, positive reinforcement

5. Extrinsic Motivation: Behavior is motivated by a desire for external rewards, such as money or praise I’ll work longer, but only for more money Read a novel to get a good test grade Intrinsic Motivation: Behavior is motivated by internal satisfaction, no external force I work longer because I care about the outcome Read a novel because I like reading

6. The Over-justification Effect When you provide Extrinsic motivators (money) for something that previously was done for Intrinsic motivation (joy), you reduce the Intrinsic motivation Children told they would be rewarded for choosing to draw during free time were less likely to draw when the rewards stopped Pro Athletes

7. Over-justification effect Extrinsic can reduce Intrinsic Example: I used to volunteer to tutor, then they started paying me. Then they ran out of money for the tutoring program and I won’t do it for free anymore. A behavior that didn’t need to be justified is. This makes it over justified.

8. Drive Theory and Homeostasis Homeostasis is the natural or balanced state we are normally in. Not too happy, not too sad. Not too hyper, not too tired. Not really hungry, not really full. Homeo (same) stasis (state): we seek to be in the same state we were in

9. According to Drive Theory, we experience motivation when we move away from Homeostasis. This creates a drive so we take action to reduce that drive to get back to Homeostasis. • Ex: Get hungry so we eat. We get stressed about a test so we study

10. Drive Reduction Theory and Homeostasis

11. Drive-Reduction Theory Our body detects that we are low on fluid, this takes us out of Homeostasis. This creates the drive of thirst. To reduce this drive we engage in the behavior of drinking water. This brings us back to the same state we were in – Homeostasis.

12. Biological Signals for Hunger and Satiety (fullness) Signals from the stomach Stomach cues can affect eating, but they do not always control it Stomach Cues appear to operate mainly when one is very hungry or very full Signals from the blood More precise signals about the body’s fuel level and nutrient needs are sent to the brain from the blood

13. Set point theory Set point theory says we have a “set point.” When we get below this level, we eat. When we get above this level we stop. Like a thermostat. Body will reduce energy levels when calories are cut too much

14. Arousal Theory Arousal:The general level of activity in several physiologicalsystems (heart rate, respiritory rate, adrenal glands, sweat glands, etc.) People sometimes try to reduce arousal while other times try to increase arousal

15. Arousal Theory: People are motivated to behave in ways that keep them at their own optimal level of arousal Optimal level is higher for some than others People with naturally low arousal are the ones who become thrill-seekers If Drive Theory were all that mattered why would anyone bungee jump?

16. Hierarchy /Pyramid of Needs/Motives Abraham Maslow was part of the Humanist approach to psychology. They believed in the basic positive features of people like growth and free will. They believed people should try and make their best self their actual self (that’s why it’s called self-actualizing)

17. Hierarch of Needs Abraham Maslow (1970) suggested that certain needs have priority over others. Physiological needs like breathing, thirst, and hunger come before psychological needs such as achievement, self-esteem, and the need for recognition. (1908-1970)

18. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Motives (Needs)

19. Motives for Aggression Instrumental Aggression: Using aggression or violence to get what you want or accomplish a goal. I beat up a freshman so I can take their lunch money. If I threaten to break your legs, you will pay me back my money

20. Motives for Aggression Hostile Aggression: Aggression out of anger or hostility to the victim A husband finds his wife with another man and beats them with a crowbar. A homophobe bullies a gay student

21. Frustration-Aggression Principle Violence and aggression are far more likely when someone is being prevented from accomplishing a goal or getting something they want. The sense of frustration causes people to lash out More often in sports, the losing team starts the fight Remember Displacement

22. Emotions Emotions are: Partly inner (mental) experiences Partly physiological (bodily systems) Emotions are a whole body experience

23. James-Lange Theory The James-Lange Theory proposes that physiological activity precedes the emotional experience.

24. James-Lange Theory of Emotion I see a bear. I’m running and my heart is pounding. I must be afraid.

25. James-Lange Theory The body’s reaction (physiology) is what causes the mind to experience the emotion. Therefore if I can change the body’s reaction I can change the emotion. Actors who pretend to be in love often fall in love.

26. Uses of James-Lange Theory Facial Feedback Loop: Make yourself smile and you start to feel happier. Biofeedback: Using medical monitors you learn to slow your breathing and relax your muscles to achieve calm. Because you see the immediate effects of these physiology changes, you feel in control of your emotions

27. Lie Detection William James theory forms the basis for the lie detection industry If body reacts before mind, your body will give you away before your mind can control it. A polygraph measures the patterns of physiological activity that accompany the anxiety or guilt associated with lying

28. Cannon-Bard Theory Walter Cannon and Phillip Bard questioned the James-Lange Theory and proposed that the mind’s emotion and the body's arousal take place simultaneously. -paralyzed people feel emotions

29. Cannon-Bard Theory I see a bear. Simultaneously, I start to run and realize I am afraid

30. Two-Factor Theory Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed yet another theory which suggests our physiologyAND cognitionscreate emotions. Emotions have two factors: physical arousal and cognitive label.

31. Two-Factor Theory Schachter and Singer gave subjects adrenaline and put them in a waiting room. They did this in three conditions, one with no one else, one with a confederate posing as a subject who flipped out with anxiety, and one with a confederate who acted super happy. Guess what happened?

32. Cognitive Theories:Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

33. Schachter-Singer Theory (aka) Schachter Two Factor Theory I see a bear. I am excited because I am in a state park and in my car or I am scared because I am lost in the woods, and I just frightened the bear’s cubs.

34. Innate Expressions of Emotion Newborns display some unlearned facial expressions Paul Ekman identified basic emotions and facial expressions that are the same across all cultures. When shown something gross everybody makes the same face.

35. Culture and Emotional Expression When culturally diverse people were shown basic facial expressions, they did fairly well at recognizing them

36. Emotions are Adaptive Darwin speculated that our ancestors communicated with facial expressions in the absence of language. Nonverbal facial expressions led to our ancestor’s survival. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

37. Social and Cultural Influences on Emotional Expression Not all emotion is universal. People learn to express certain emotions in ways specified by cultural rules Smiles can vary as people learn to use them to communicate certain feelings

38. Stress Psychological states can cause physical illness. Stress is any circumstance (real or perceived) that threatens a person’s well-being.

39. Stress and Illness Stress can be adaptive. In a fearful or stress- causing situation, we can run away and save our lives. Stress can be maladaptive. If it is prolonged (chronic stress), it increases our risk of illness and health problems.

40. Conflicting Motives and Stress Three types of motivational conflicts: Approach-approach: Must choose only one of two desirableactivities Two cute boys ask you to prom Got into both colleges you wanted Avoidance-avoidance: Must select from undesirablealternatives Must take either Chemistry or Biology Pay large fine or do community service

41. Conflicting Motives and Stress Three types of motivational conflicts: Approach-avoidance: A SINGLE activity or event has both attractive and unattractive features This car is fun to drive, but gets lousy gas mileage That girl is so hot, but so crazy Please note this is not a choice between a good option and a bad option. That wouldn’t create stress.

42. General Adaptation Syndrome • According to Hans Selye, a stress response to any kind of stimulation is similar. The stressed individual goes • through three phases: • Alarm – something needs action • Resistance – I act • Exhaustion – I am worn out