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European Colonialism in Africa

European Colonialism in Africa. Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY. WHAT IS IMPERIALISM? WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OLD IMPERIALISM and NEW IMPERIALISM? Who are the imperialists? Where did they go in the 1600’s? Where did they go in the 1800’s?.

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European Colonialism in Africa

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  1. European Colonialism in Africa Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

  2. WHAT IS IMPERIALISM? WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OLD IMPERIALISM and NEW IMPERIALISM? Who are the imperialists? Where did they go in the 1600’s?Where did they go in the 1800’s?

  3. Pre-19c European Trade with Africa

  4. EuropeanNationalism Source for Raw Materials MissionaryActivity Industrial Revolution European Motives For Colonization Markets forFinishedGoods Military& NavalBases SocialDarwinism EuropeanRacism Places toDumpUnwanted/Excess Popul. HumanitarianReasons Soc. & Eco.Opportunities “WhiteMan’sBurden”

  5. WHY NEW IMPERIALISM? • POLITICAL • CULTURAL • ECONOMIC HOW Suez Canal and technology Military and war Disease

  6. 19c Mysteries & Adventures

  7. SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA • 1879 Africans ruled 90% • 1910 Africa taken over by Europeans • Only free areas were Liberia and Ethiopia

  8. Africa 1890

  9. Africa in 1914

  10. Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 Another point of view? 

  11. Berlin Conference of1884-1885

  12. Social Darwinism

  13. The “White Man’s Burden” Rudyard Kipling

  14. The “White Man’s Burden”?

  15. 20TH CENTURY COLONIALISM IN AFRICA

  16. EGYPT • strategic location and tried to modernize(Muhammad Ali and Isma’il) • Forced farmers to grow cotton (industry!) • Built Suez Canal…but debt to British! - So….British ruled “indirectly” to save investments

  17. BELGIUM Belgium took CENTRAL AFRICA – CONGO • Import substitution: RUBBER TREES • Forced Africans to work on the plantations which were very dangerous

  18. The Congo Free State orThe Belgian Congo

  19. King Leopold II:(r. 1865 – 1909)

  20. Harvesting Rubber

  21. Punishing “Lazy” Workers

  22. 5-8 Million Victims! (50% of Popul.) It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official

  23. Belgium’s Stranglehold on the Congo

  24. Leopold’s Conscience??

  25. ETHIOPIA • Fought off ITALIAN colonialism (Battle of Adawa) – MENELIK II (King) • REMAINED INDEPENDENT because it had lots of help from European countries, more industrialized, religious affiliation

  26. The Struggle For South Africa

  27. SOUTH AFRICA • British in S. Africa because the Dutch had asked them to “look after” their territories during Napoleonic era. • Africanners (Dutch) or Boers and British surrounded ZULU and took lands • Zulu were a fierce tribe led by SHAKA ZULU

  28. Shaka Zulu (1785 – 1828)

  29. The Great Trek, 1836-38 Afrikaners

  30. Diamond Mines Raw Diamonds

  31. The Struggle for South Africa

  32. SOUTH AFRICA – CONT. • Africanners & British clash over gold – Boers go on the Great Trek to move north • Boer War = British vs. BOERS (Africanners) – British win! • But they let the Africaners stay…

  33. Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902) “The Colossus of Rhodes”

  34. The Boer War: 1899 - 1900 The British The Boers

  35. APARTEID in SOUTH AFRICA • RACIAL SEGREGATION • Majority black (90%) have less rights than minority white Africaans (10%) • Whites profit off cheap African labor while retaining all the privileges • ENDED IN 1994: Nelson Mandela is President

  36. NEW ECONOMIES IN AFRICA • No more slavery? CASH CROPS • RUBBER (Congo), Tea, etc…. • PALM OIL – for the new industrial machines

  37. COERCED LABOR ALGERIA – French forced natives to work for 10-12 days a year (like corvee or mit’a) CONGO – Belgian Rubber plantations (Africans forced) INDONESIA – Dutch forced farmers to sell cheap crops to them (20%) There was rebellion: Maji Maji

  38. MIGRATION FOR WORK • Africans and other colonial people moved from countryside to cities (disrupt families) • Many became indentured servants • Worked in areas that the mother country also “owned” and controlled: (Indians to Mauritius and South Africa)

  39. CULTURAL CHANGES Europeans tried to make colonists “like them” EDUCATION (western education, better positions) DRESS (dress like a European) RELIGION (Christianity or stop offensive practices) - no nudity - no polygamy - no sati - no female circumcision

  40. CONSEQUENCES OF NEW IMPERIALISM • Some fought – Menelik in Ethiopia ag. Italy in 1896 – and WON • Most rebellions were unsuccessful • Africans lived in poverty, made to labor, sold as slaves – no chance for land • Mission schools – took away culture, introduced W. ways, sometimes changed (Islam)

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