Studio Scienza dalla Luna WP 1500 Particelle Workshop su Scienza dalla Luna LNF 7 maggio 2007

1. Studio Scienza dalla LunaWP 1500 ParticelleWorkshop su Scienza dalla Luna LNF 7 maggio 2007 R. Battiston Sez. INFN e Universita’ di Perugia

2. Athmospheirc transparencies to EM Waves

3. “Our Laboratory Moon” Why the Moon for particle and fundamental physics ? There are indeed a few reasons why the Moon would be an extraordinary laboratory to study fundamental physics phenomena: Seismic activity on the Moon is very low, basically insignificant. Due to the lack of plate tectonics, the energy release per year is 10–14 times lower than the Earth. Moonquakes are driven only by the tidal deformation (excluding impacts) and occur when the Moon is near the perigee. These quakes are reproducible and predictable. Strong moonquakes are at ~ 10–9 mHz–1/2 at 0.1-1 Hz, 0.5-1.3 on Richter scale. The seismic noise level between moonquakes may be extremely low The Moon does not have atmosphere nor water. This means that 2.1 there is no absorption of the radiation reaching our satellite from space. Vacuum is cheap. 2.2 the Moon is thermally quiet except at sunrise and sunset. Even a more stable thermal environment could be achieved by burying the instrument under the Moon dust. 2.3 there are no winds, no weather effects. Materials are not attacked by rust, they last unaltered for long periods (aside of thermal expansions effects) 3 The Moon does not have a magnetic field nor a magnetosphere. 4 The Moon has a continuous view of the whole Earth (or of deep space). On the far side the Moon is an extremely calm electromagnetic environment, shielded from the noise generated by our civilization.

4. Fundamental physics and astrophysics on the Moon 1 IR interferometry (limited by the atmosphere on most wavelengths) using two or more IR telescopes 2- Optical and near UV interferometry (limited by the atmosphere), using two or more telescopes 3- mm wave interferometry (limited by the atmosphere and artificial em noise) 4- Direct CMB measurements (limited by the atmosphere) 5- Continuous GRB monitoring (limited by the atmosphere) 6- A large aperture, large area post-GLAST Gamma Ray observatory (0.1 – 1000 Gev) (limited by the atmosphere) 7- A Cosmic Rays observatory to measure the composition and spectra at and above the knee region, to solve the 50 years long puzzle on CR origin and acceleration mechanism (limited by the atmosphere and requiring rather large areas equipped with particle detectors) 8- O(103 ) km laser interferometers for Gravitational Waves searches, to cover the region 10-2 Hz to 10 Hz, which lies in between the LISA and VIRGO/LIGO sensitivity ranges (limited by Earth ground seismology). 9- A very sensitive search for strangelets by measuring epilinear moonquakes (limited by Earth ground seismology).

5. Some consideration about the moon payloads From the Letter of Intent for the ASI call for new ideas (Spring 2005) Sir, with this Letter we respond to the “Call for themes for 2015-2025” opened by the Science Programme of the European Space Agency in view of its future long term Scientific Programme. ………………. The theme we propose is “Our Laboratory Moon” which is based on the exploitation of the unique features of our satellite to study fundamental physics phenomena. Space means exploration. Exploration in turn means searching for things never reached before. ……………… Signed R. B. + 30 INAF and INFN scientists …………..“Our Laboratory Moon” Being there staying here ………….. However the continuous technological advances in the field of telescience and virtual sensing could brilliantly overcome this limit. The Moon, in fact, is the only celestial body which is within 1.5 light seconds from us: this is a short enough time for electromagnetic waves, which would allow the use of robotic tools operated from the Earth as simple extensions of ground based operators arms, hands and senses, like in the case of telemedicine and like it is not possible as in the case of Mars rovers, which are separated from us ~ 10 light minutes. …………….. Many of these industrial processes can be developed and tested on Earth before trying it on the Moon, where one would learn how to do it in the real conditions. The first series of missions will be devoted to set up processing plants to extract basic components, like oxygen, aluminum and water from the lunar soil and to set up the power generating and storing systems to sustain future facilities through interruptions in solar availability. These missions should all aim to the same location to the Moon, which has been identified as the area of “perpetual sun” near the South Pole. Here hydrogen should also exist, although there is no agreement today on which form it takes. The presence of hydrogen and perpetual sun, would make this location the most advantageous for initial operation.

6. Additional missions, would add capabilities and instrumentations, with a philosophy which would be highly interactive and flexible. It should be as we were there, through the robots which are acting under our direct telecontrolling. This approach would allow to tolerate losses and mistakes, which, although unavoidable in an highly research oriented program, could have a tremendous damage and negative effects if humans were involved directly. Telepresence on the Moon is the goal of this pioneering program, allowing the rovers to operate like humans on tasks which would include rover repair activities, assembly and configuration of experiments, continuous feed back on many various parameters otherwise very difficult if not impossible to control using predetermined algorithms. ………… There are a lot of processes which would require, if performed in telepresence on the Moon, rethinking with respect on the Earth: the reduced gravity, absence of atmosphere, extreme temperature, limited facilities available, will call for simplification of manipulation and complexity of the processing. It will be like the dawn of a new age, not based on stones or fire or bronze, but more likely on solar radiation, hydrogen and aluminum. Tooling will be adjusted to the new tasks and conditions, in particular thermal condition would be of extreme relevance. Solar furnaces would be a common tool, soils would be heated to form glass and to shape rods, tubes and fibers. Sintering could be used instead of melting for a number of applications. Machines shop capability could be gradually added to work on the various materials and ceramics built on the moon, adding tremendous flexibility to modify and repair existing equipment or to build new one. Experiments could then be created without waiting for another launch, reducing the turn around time for engineers and scientists to see their ideas become reality from decades to days. More sophisticated machining methods, like electron beam or plasma will be easily implemented because of the presence of vacuum.

7. We anticipate a strong public attentionto the progress on a moon laboratory program based on telepresence. Public attention is particularly strong when space exploration is connected to humans but also to human related activities, like risk, error, trial, ingenuity. This explains why the public interest is as high as for a human mission, and may be even higher when a Mars rover lands or takes the first photograph of a stone, or even get lost on Mars. A lunar telepresence laboratory would bring daily new stories, about issues which are very close to everybody experience; it would allow to share some of the thoughts, decisions, trials; it would allow wide sharing through the internet of finding and results; it might allow sharing of lunar telepresence, which would set an unprecedented tool for a wide audience of non astronauts. In addition to the interest for new results about our universe, which is, in our opinion, the main reason for supporting this theme, public participation to this long term program would be very beneficial for ESA and space exploration in general.

8. Very Promising AAA Regolith Calorimeter Interesting Interesting Promising Promising Interesting Interesting Interesting Very promising AAA (Laser ranging) WP1500 Particelle Priority 1 Very Promising 2 Promising 3 Interesting

9. Direct measurement of high energy gamma raysAGILE -> GLAST -> ?

11. GLAST @ SLAC 16/16 Towers in the GRID on 20/10/05

12. GLAST LAT PERFORMANCES

13. Using the regolith to build a multi ton EM calorimeter on the MoonF. Cervelli, M.T.Brunetti, C.Fidani, R.Battiston Particelle Doc 1

14. 40 cm of regolith  T=-20 ± 3 C

15. Particolare delle dimensioni e della posizione degli scintillatori Distribuzione spaziale degli scintillatori sul piano della superficie lunare (distanza tra gli scintillatori 7,5 cm, da ottimizzare)

16. Charged part of the e.m. shower induced by 10 GeV gammas in the regolith Lateral view Negative charges are in green and positive in red Front view

17. A 50 years old puzzle in Cosmic Rays physicsComposition and origin of the knee at 1015 eV

18. VHE Cosmic Rays: the knee regionP. Marrocchesi, P. MaestroP. Spillantini mj • Perspectives for a moon-based knee-region explorer --> large complex detectors are needed --> only possible with a (set of) large mission(s)

19. WP 1530 High Energy neutrinosA. Petrolini INFN Genova (Particelle Doc 4)P. Spillantini

20. Detection of coherent Cherenkov radio from lunar orbiters: how to reject the large background from Protons?

21. Detection on the moon • comparison with terrestrial apparatus like SALSA is not in favour of a surface Moon detector.

23. The limitations of a lunar satellite based experiment • In case a threshold as low as 1016eV can be reached, the apparatus might see neutrinos coming from the centre of the Moon. Due to geometrical considerations it would be very difficult for the radiation produced by down-going protons on the nadir of the satellite to reach the antenna. So in this configuration the proton background should be reconsidered. • Another limitation of a Moon satellite detector will be the reconstruction of EPS direction. Due to the geometry of the Cherenkov emission is difficult to constrain the possible axis directions using only one or a few measurements far away. The resulting pointing accuracy is worst than ten degree and this aspect, if not solved in some way, might prevent the possibility to detect and identify point sources of neutrinos.

24. WP1540 Solar Plasma measurements R. Bruno INAF IFSI Roma

25. Misura delle proprietà del plasma solare e della sua interazione con la magnetosfera: un esperimento di questo tipo (5 kg) può essere installato con relativa facilità su un orbiter lunare, ha buone giustificazioni scientifiche e per questo motivo ha una elevata priorità (2)

26. WP 1550 Gravitational WavesMichele Punturo INFN Perugia

27. Misura di onde gravitazionali: si tratta di una misura molto importante ed interessante, non è però chiaro quanto sia realistico farla sulla luna in tempi ragionevolmente brevi, nonostante le buone condizioni ambientali offerte dalla luna. Uno studio di fattibilità puo’ avere una elevata priorità (2)

28. WP 1560A Quantum Interferometers and Atomic Clocks Guglielmo Tino Universita’/INFN Firenze

29. de Broglie wave dB=h/mv D D C B B C A A Atom Interferometers LONGITUDINAL PULSES -no area enclosed -used to measure accelerations (GRAVIMETERS) TRANSVERSAL PULSES -the interferometer encloses an area -used to measure rotations (GYROSCOPES) With an acceleration g, the phase difference =2keff. (a-2(W x v))T2 where k is the laser wavenumber and T the time interval between laser pulses With an acceleration g, the phase difference =keffgT2 where k is the laser wavenumber and T the time interval between laser pulses

30. Possible Experiments on Moon • Fundamental Physics • Gravitational Waves detection through moon quadrupolar resonant modes • Detection of Strange Quark Matter nuggets through epilinear moonquakes • Tests of General Relativity (Principle of Equivalence) • Technology • Gravimeters absolute calibration • Navigation (gyroscopes, accelerometers) • Moon is an ultra-quiet natural environment • very low seismic energy • no tidal or teptonic effects Low gravity increase Tdrift improve sensitivity

31. Optical Clocks on Moon • Moon is an ultra-quiete natural environment • very low seismic energy • no atmosphere • no tidal or teptonic effects • good temperature stability (30 cm below surface) best environment for new optical frequency standards Proposal: Frequency comparison between a clock on the Moon surface and clock on the Earth (two way optical link between the two clocks) • Scientific Goals: • Test of General Relativity (gravitational red-shift) @ 10-8 (4000 times better than GP-A) • Test of String theories (variation of fundamental constant) (da/dt)/a @ 10-17 /yr (10 times better than ACES proposal)

32. Optical Clocks on Moon • Fundamental Physics • Test of General Relativity (gravitational red-shift) • Test of String theories (variation of fundamental constant) • Technology • Clock comparison (redefinition of the SI second, …) • Deep space navigation and positioning, VLBI, laser ranging, … All this kind of experiment involving ultra-stable laser sources, and ultra-cold atoms in space will benefit from the ACESand LISAproject, which has requested significant engineering efforts.

33. WP 1560B Lunar Laser RangingSimone Dell’Agnello LNF (Particelle Doc 7)

34. MoonLIGHT:MOON LASER INSTRUMENTATION FOR GENERALRELATIVITY HIGH-ACCURACY TESTSC. Cantone, S. Dell’Agnello, G. O. Delle Monache, M. Garattini, N. IntagliettaLaboratori Nazionali di Frascati (LNF) dell’INFN, Frascati (Rome), ITALYR. VittoriItalian Air Force, Rome, ITALY • From the abstract ……. • a proposal (to NASA) for improving by a factor 1000 or more the accuracy of the current Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) experiment (performed in the last 37 years using the retro-reflector arrays deployed on the Moon by the Apollo 11, 14 and 15 missions). Achieving such an improvement requires a modified thermal, optical and mechanical design of the retro-reflector array and detailed experimental tests. The new experiment will allow a rich program of accurate tests of General Relativity already with current laser ranging systems. This accuracy will get better and better as the performance of laser technologies improve over the next few decades, like they did relentlessly since the ‘60s. LNF–06/ 28 (IR) November 1, 2006

35. Multimirror panel and thermal measurements

37. WP1570: particle detection using moon seismology (Particle Doc 8,9)C. Fidani INFN Perugia • Particles detection (strangelets, nuggets) on the moon through the study of epilinear moonquakes (Banerdt, Chui et al 2005) • It was pointed out in 1984 by Witten that strange quark matter (SQM) – matter made of up, down, and strange quarks (rather than just up and down, as are protons and neutrons) – might well be stable and the lowest energy state of matter. The reason is that it would be electrically neutral and have less Pauli-Principle repulsion. Binding would increase with numbers of quarks, and might not begin below thousands. It would have nuclear density. Neutron stars would be strange quark stars; and it might conceivably constitute dark matter. One way to detect ton-range SQM nuggets (SQNs) would be from seismic signals they would make passing through the Earth. We give a rough estimate on the relative advantage of attempting to detect SQNs on the Moon over Earth (about 50 times more detections). • Extrasolar causes for certain moonquakes (Frohlich, Nakamura, 2006) • Reanalysis of lunar seismic data collected during the Apollo program indicates that 23 of the 28 rare events known as high-frequency teleseismic (HFT) events or shallow moonquakes occurred during one-half of the sidereal month when the seismic network on the Moon’s near side faced approximately towards right ascension of 12 h on the celestial sphere. Statistical analysis demonstrates that there is about a 1% probability that this pattern would occur by chance. An alternate possibility is that high-energy objects from a fixed source outside the Solar System trigger or even cause the HFT events.

38. Conclusions • We have shown in this study that there are promising areas in the field of particle and fundamental physics for which the moon surface is a very good place, even an unique one. Some of these proposal, like MOONCAL, are original by products of this study • The proposed experiments are compatible with a scenario of a series of small, robotic missions,which migh be teleoperated from the earth • It would be wise to maintain a level of R&D funding to further develop the most promising idea, in view of potential italian participation to future lunar missions