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Heterogeneity

Heterogeneity. Boulder, 2004. Heterogeneity Questions. Are the contributions of genetic and environmental factors equal for different groups, such as sex, age, race, ethnicity, SES, environmental exposure, etc.? Gene x Sex/ Age/ Race / Environment Interaction. Heterogeneity Questions.

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Heterogeneity

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  1. Heterogeneity Boulder, 2004

  2. Heterogeneity Questions • Are the contributions of genetic and environmental factors equal for different groups, such as sex, age, race, ethnicity, SES, environmental exposure, etc.? • Gene x Sex/ Age/ Race / Environment Interaction

  3. Heterogeneity Questions • Is heterogeneity due to differences in the magnitude of the effects (quantitative)? e.g. Are genetic/ environmental contribution of factors greater/smaller in males than in females? • Is heterogeneity due to differences in the nature of the effects (qualitative)? e.g. Are there different genetic/environmental factors influencing the trait in males and females?

  4. Heterogeneity across groups • differences in variance components • NOT mean differences • group membership • continuous heterogeneity

  5. Group Comparisons

  6. Models for Concordant Pairs

  7. Models for Concordant and Discordant Pairs

  8. Models for Concordant and Discordant Pairs

  9. Summary of Models • Homogeneity Model: no quantitative, no qualitative differences • Heterogeneity Model: quantitative but no qualitative differences • Scalar Model: special case of heterogeneity model with proportional quantitative differences • General Model: quantitative and qualitative differences

  10. Homogeneity Model

  11. ExampleHomogeneity Model

  12. Homogeneity Model

  13. Heterogeneity Model

  14. ExampleHeterogeneity Model

  15. Heterogeneity Model

  16. Scalar Model

  17. ExampleScalar Model

  18. Scalar Model

  19. General Model

  20. ExampleGeneral Model

  21. General Model

  22. Alternative General Model

  23. Example 2General Model

  24. Summary of Models

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