Modeling the barriers of humanitarian supply chain management in India

1. Modeling the barriers of humanitarian supply chain management in India Lijo John, Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode A. Ramesh, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

2. Introduction • In last four decades the world has witnessed more than 6500 disasters (including both natural and manmade disasters) • More than 5 billion people were affected across the globe • Combined loss of all the disasters have crossed the USD 150 trillion mark • More than 180 million people were left homeless (Source: Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of the Disasters)

3. Introduction (contd…) • The tsunami in Indian Ocean took lives of more than 16000 and more than 6000 went missing • 2001 Gujarat earthquake took lives of more than 20000 people • In these situations the government was not equipped to manage and distribute the relief material in a short period of time • Lead to a chaotic situation leading to loss of life and property • This situation motivated me to take this topic for my research

5. Government donor International agency International NGO's Humanitarian Supply Chain Management (HSCM) Local NGO's Consumers (aid recipients) Community based organizations (local partners) • HSCM tries to manage the different factors in the system to reduce the impact for the people who are affected by the disaster • The main task is to mobilize the goods, finance and to administer the services to the beneficiaries • HSC consists of donors, NGO’s, local bodies and the aid recipients A typical HSC (Oloruntuba and Gray, 2006)

6. Disaster management in India • Ministry of Home Affairs is the apex body in India which deals with the disaster management • At state level, state crisis management committee is the highest authority • District collector co-ordinates the disaster management at the district level

8. Identification of barriers for HSCM • Literature survey • Brainstorming sessions • Expert opinion • Reports on various relief operations

9. Barriers and Outcomes • Lack of proper management of aid materials • Coordination between different actors • Inadequate procurement of aid materials •  Lack of sufficient funding • Identification of supply sources • Lack of correct need and damage assessment • Unpredictable demand • Shortage of experienced logisticians • Lack of bi-lateral information sharing • Inadequate access and transportation facilities • Lack of knowledge about customers • Lack of a central authority • Scale of devastation • Unpredictable occurrence

10. Interpretive Structural Modelling • ISM was first proposed by J. Warfield in 1973 to analyze the complex socioeconomic systems • ISM is often used to provide fundamental understanding of complex situations, as well as to put together a course of action for solving a problem • Hierarchical system of ranking for graphical representation of system structure • Helps in identifying the relationship between the variables

11. Structural Self Interaction Matrix (1/3) • Fifteen experts were considered for identifying the contextual relationship between the barriers • Five each from academia and industry and two each from the NGO and UNDP and one member represented the government of India • First stage of the study, the experts were interviewed to identify the specific issues relating to the HSCM activities in India • Second stage the experts were invited to a common place a moderated brainstorming session was conducted after a

12. Structural Self Interaction Matrix (2/3) • The relationship between two variables (i and j) and the associated direction was also considered • Four symbols are used to identify the direction between the two variables • V = barrier ‘i’ influences barrier ‘j’. • A = barrier ‘j’ influences barrier ‘i’. • X = barriers ‘i’ and ‘j’ influence each other. • O = barriers ‘i’ and ‘j’ are unrelated.

13. Structural Self Interaction Matrix (3/3)

14. Reachability Matrix (1/2) • SSIM has been converted into a binary matrix called the initial reachability matrix by substituting V, A, X, and O by 1 and 0 as per the following rules • if the (i, j) entry in the SSIM is “V”, the (i, j) entry in the reachability matrix becomes 1 and the (j, i) entry becomes 0 • if the (i, j) entry in the SSIM is “A”, the (i, j) entry in the reachability matrix becomes 0 and the (j, i) entry becomes 1; • if the (i, j) entry in the SSIM is “X”, the (i, j) entry in the reachability matrix becomes 1 and the (j, i) entry also becomes 1; and • if the (i, j) entry in the SSIM is “O”, the (i, j) entry in the reachability matrix becomes 0 and the (j, i) entry also becomes 0

15. Reachability Matrix (2/2)

16. Development of ISM based model A A

17. MICMAC analysis • Identify the driving power and the dependence power of the variables

18. Conclusion • ISM model proposed in this research helps in identifying the links between the barriers and how they affect the working of the HSCM in a combined fashion. • Identify that the logisticians in the supply chain form the very important link between the effective relief program and the managing of the crisis situation. • Ism model helps in understanding the life cycle of the supply chain and the various intricately affecting issues in the real time • Indentifying the understanding the complex challenges in the HSCM, thereby help in forming strategic plans and defining the operational goals • Highlighting the implications as well as the importance of the coordination between the actors of the HSCM.