Chapter 13

1. Chapter 13 The Great War 1914 - 1918

2. Section 1 – Marching Towards War

3. The Rise of Nationalism • Europe enjoys peace in late 1800s, but problems lie below the surface • Growing __________________ leads to competition among European nations • Competition for ____________ & _________________ • ____________________ disputes • Nationalism in the ______________________ leads many groups to demand their own ________________________ nations

4. Imperialism & Militarism • Competition for _________________ stirs mistrust among European nations • Mutual _________________________ spurs European countries to engage in ________________________ • By 1914, all European great powers had large ________________________, except ____________________

5. Bismarck Forges Early Pacts • Germany’s _________________________ works to keep peace in Europe after 1871 • Believes _________________ wants revenge for loss in 1870 __________________________War • His first goal is to _________________ France from having _________________ • Formed dual alliance between ________________ & ______________________

6. Becomes allies with ________________, but only for a short time • Forms _____________________: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and ________________ joins in 1882

7. Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace • 1888- ___________________________ becomes German ruler & forces Bismarck to resign • Foreign policy changes begin in 1890… • Alliance with _______________ dropped & Russia becomes allies w/ ___________________ • Effort to strengthen German __________________, which alarms ____________________

8. 1907- _________________, France, & _______________ forms the __________________ • Britain not forced to ____________ with France or Russia, but promised NOT to fight ______________ them

9. A Restless Region • Many groups in __________________ win independence during early 1900s • One of the new nations, ________________ which is made up largely of _________________ • Wanted all Slavs on the ________________________ • ___________________ supported their independence

10. ___________________________ annexes Slavic region – ___________________ & Herzegovina in 1908 • ______________________ outraged, sees itself as rightful ruler of these Slavic lands • Austria-Hungary vowed to __________________ any _______________________ effort to undermine them

11. A Shot Rings Throughout Europe • Austro-Hungarian royal heir to the throne, ___________________________& his wife _______________ were killed in their car on June 28, 1914 in __________________, Bosnia • ____________________________, 19 yrs. old Serbian – member of the secret society “____________________________” • July 28, 1914 - ______________ declares war on ______________ • ___________________(Serbia’s ally) comes to their aid & mobilizes troops

12. Section 2 –Europe Plunges into War

13. Armies on the March • Russia moves troops to its borders with ___________________ and _________________________ • Aug. 1, 1914 – Germany declares war on _________________ • Aug. 3, 1914 – Germany declares war on __________________ • ________________________________ then declares war on Germany to help its allies

14. Nations Take Sides • By mid-August 1914, two sides at war throughout Europe… • __________________________ – Germany & Austrian-Hungary • _____________________ & Ottoman Empire also join later • _______________________ (Allies) – Britain, France, & Russia • U.S., __________________, & Italy joined later

15. The Conflict Grinds Along • ____________________ Front – heavy battle zone in northern ________________ that resulted in a deadlock • Germany fighting a ____________ front war & developed the ___________________________ Plan • German plan to defeat _______________ in the west & then going east to fight __________________

16. _____________________ army quickly advances to outskirts of ______________________ • Allies quickly regroup • Germany forced to retreat at First Battle of the ________________ after 4 days of fighting • _________________ starts invading Germany • Schlieffen Plan __________________; Germany has to fight a two-front war

17. War in the Trenches • Conflict descends into ____________________________ to protect themselves from _______________________________ • Battles result in many deaths & ________________ land gains • Space between trenches “____________________________” • Life in trenches is miserable, difficult, & ______________________

18. New weapons lead to more deaths… • ____________________________ • Introduced by ________________, but used by both sides • Caused blindness, blisters, & death • _________________________________ • Fires ammunition ______________________________ • Wiped out waves of attackers at once • _______________________ • Could cross many types of ____________________ • Introduced by _________________________ • ______________________________ • Introduced by the _________________________ • Primary weapon – the _________________________

19. Battle of ______________________… • Germans launched attack against _____________________ • Each side lost more than 300,000 • __________________ only gained __________ miles • Battle of _________________ … • _______________________ forces attack Germans • By end of battle each side lost more than _____ million troops • ______________ only gained about _____________ miles

20. Early Fighting • ____________________ Front – site of main fighting along the ______________________________ border • _______________________ push into Austria & _______________, but soon forced to ____________________

21. Russia Struggles • _________________ war effort suffering by 1916; many casualties, _______________________________ • ______________________of Russian army keeps it a formidable force • Prevents ______________________ from sending more troops to the _____________________ Front

22. Section 3 – A Global Conflict

23. The Gallipoli Campaign • __________________ move to capture Ottoman’s _______________________ Strait in February 1915 to capture the capital of _________________________ • Hope to defeat ___________________________, ally of Central Powers • Wants to open a ________________________through region to Russia • Effort ends in costly ___________________defeat

24. Battles in Africa & Asia • ________________ take control of __________________ holdings in Asia and Africa • Britain and France use their _______________________ to help in the war effort

25. America Joins the Fight • __________________ seeks to control _________________ Ocean to stop supplies to _______________________ • Uses _________________________________________ warfare • Ships near _______________________ sunk without warning • 1915, sunk the ________________________ & angers U.S. • Germany agrees to stop attacking neutral & _________________ ships • Renews unrestricted policy in 1917, hopes to _____________ Britain quickly by using _____________________ • Attacks 3 U.S. ships

26. The _____________________________ Note… • ______________________ foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman wrote letter to ____________________ & the U.S. intercepted it • Letter stated that if Mexico became allies with __________________ they would help Mexico get back their ___________________ from the U.S. • U.S. declares war against ____________________________ on April 2,1917, joining __________________

27. Governments Wage Total War • WWI becomes ______________________ – nations devote all resources to war • Governments take control of economy to produce ____________________________ • Nations turn to ____________________ – limiting purchases of war-related goods • ____________________________ – one-sided information to build morale, support for war

28. Women & the War • At home, thousands of women fill ________________ previously held by men • Many women also experience the war by working as __________________

29. Russia Withdraws • Civil unrest in Russia forces Czar _______________________ to step down from throne in 1917 • Nov. 1917 - Communist leader, ____________________ took control of Russia’s gov’t • By 1917, _____________ million Russians were either killed, wounded, or taken as __________________ • Russia signs treaty with ____________________ in March 1918 & ______________________________________________

30. Central Powers Collapse • Germany moves most of their forces to the ____________________ & gets __________ miles outside of __________________ • The 2nd Battle of ____________________ - major fighting & ______________ force ______________________________ to retreat from France • Nov. 1918- __________________________________ stepped down & Germany declared itself a republic • WWI Ends - ___________________________ win war • _____________________________ signed on Nov. 11, 1918 • The 11th hour, on the 11th day, in the 11th month

31. A High Price • ________ million soldiers died & ________million wounded • Countless civilians died due to starvation, disease, & slaughter • War devastates European ___________________, drains national treasuries • Estimated total cost - $_____________billion (in 1918 dollars) • Many acres of land & homes, villages, & towns destroyed • Survivors suffer _______________________________ & despair • Reflected in the arts

32. Section 4 – A Flawed Peace

33. Key Leaders Come Together • Groups of leaders known as the _______________________ dominate peace talks… • _______________________________ – U.S. • Georges Clemenceau – ________________________________ • David Lloyd George – _________________________________ • _______________________________ – Italy

34. Wilson’s Plan for Peace • Proposes ____________ Points – outline for lasting world peace • Calls for _______________ trade, end to secret ____________________, & military buildups • Promotes _________________________________ – right of people to govern their own nation • Envisions ________________________ peace-keeping body to settle world _____________________

35. The Treaty of Versailles • Britain & __________________ oppose Wilson’s ideas – they want to punish ____________________________ • ____________________ & Germany sign treaty in June 1919 • Creates ________________________________ – international organization to keep peace • Blames _______________________ for war & forces them to pay damages to nations • League to rule over German ________________________ until deemed ready for independence

36. The Creation of New Nations • _________________________ treaty, other peace accords change look of Europe • Austria-Hungary, _______________________, Ottoman Empire all lose ___________________________ • Former Ottoman lands in Southwest Asia turn into __________________________ • New countries created in southeastern Europe, ______________________ gives up land

37. A Peace Built on Quicksand • Treaty of V. – creates feelings of __________________________ on both sides • ______________________ people feel bitter & betrayed after taking _________________________ for war • __________________________ never signs the treaty • Many Americans oppose _____________________________ & involvement w/ ______________________________

38. Some former _____________________ express anger over not winning _______________________ • ______________ & ________________ criticize agreement b/c they gain less ________________ than they wanted