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Developmental Theories

Developmental Theories. HGD Mrs. Dion. Psychoanalytical Theory. Unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior Also called the Psychosexual Theory Main Theorist: Sigmund Freud Stages: (descriptions p. 22) Oral (birth – 1year) Anal (1-3 years) Phallic (3-6 years)

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Developmental Theories

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  1. Developmental Theories HGD Mrs. Dion

  2. Psychoanalytical Theory • Unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior • Also called the Psychosexual Theory • Main Theorist: Sigmund Freud • Stages: (descriptions p. 22) • Oral (birth – 1year) • Anal (1-3 years) • Phallic (3-6 years) • Latency (6-puberty) • Genital (puberty-death)

  3. Psychosocial Theory • Development comes from both changes in understanding of oneself and comprehension of others behavior. • Main Theorist: Erik Erikson • Stages (Descriptions: p. 22) • Trust vs. Mistrust: Birth-18months • Autonomy vs. Shame: 2-3 years • Initiative vs. Guilt: 3-5 years • Industry vs. Inferiority: 6-11 years • Identity vs. Role Confusion: 12-18 • Intimacy vs. Isolation: 19-40 • Generativity vs. Stagnation: 41-65 • Integrity vs. Despair: 66-death

  4. Behaviorist Theory • Definition: The key to understanding development is observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment. • Main Theorists: • John Watson • B.F. Skinner • Ivan Pavlov • Classical Conditioning-Involves placing a neutral signal before a reflex. Focuses on involuntary, automatic behaviors. (Pavlov’s Dogs/ Baby Albert) • Operant Conditioning-Involves applying reinforcement or punishment after a behavior. Focuses on strengthening or weakening voluntary behaviors. (Classroom Rewards)

  5. Cognitive Theory • Development stems from the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world. • Main Theorist: Jean Piaget • First theory to acknowledge that children’s brains function differently from adult brains. • Stages: (Descriptions p. 26) • Sensory motor: (birth-2) Object Permanence • Pre-Operational: (2-7 years) Egocentrism • Concrete Operational (7-11 years) Conservation • Formal Operational (11- ) Abstract Reasoning

  6. Cognitive Theory Continued • Adaptation-The ability to assimilate new information into logical information. • Accommodation- Changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events. • Assimilation- The process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development. • Schema- basic building block of knowledge • Constructivist perspective- Assumes all learning comes from building knowledge through experiences.

  7. Sociocultural Theory • All learning comes from social interaction. • Main Theorist: Lev Vygotsky • Zone of Proximal development (ZPD)- The level at which a child can almost, but not fully, comprehend or perform a task without assistance. • Scaffolding-The support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth.

  8. Bioecological Theory • The perspective suggesting that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence every biological organism. • Main Theorist: Uri Bronfenbrenner

  9. Bioecological Theory continued

  10. Maturation Theory • Behavior is predetermined by genetics and heredity. • Main Theorist: Arnold Gesell

  11. The Five Areas of Development • Physical • Intellectual • Social • Emotional • Moral

  12. Physical Development • Development involving the body’s physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses. • Examples: Learning to crawl, walk, run

  13. Intellectual or Cognitive Development • Development involving the growth and change in knowledge. • Examples: Learning Alphabet, to count, colors

  14. Social Development • The way in which individuals’ interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life. • Examples: Making friends, working through a fight with a friend.

  15. Emotional Development • The development of awareness and control of ones feelings and how to react to those feelings in a given situation. • Examples: Learning to name one’s own emotions, Learning not to have a temper tantrum when we don’t get our way.

  16. Moral Development • The maturation of people’s sense of justice, what is right and wrong and their behavior in connection with those issues. • Examples: Making judgments of whether or not to take something that is not yours. Deciding whether or not to lie to spare someone’s feelings.

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