Concept: LOCATION

1. SS7G1bLocate on a world and regional political-physical map the countries of, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire), Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, and Sudan. Concept: LOCATION

2. COUNTRIES OF AFRICA COUNTRIES OF AFRICA Locate the following countries: Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, Sudan, South Africa, Sierra Leone, Rwanda, Zimbabwe, and Dem. Rep. of Congo. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

3. COUNTRIES OF AFRICA

4. SS7G1a Locate on a world and regional political-physical map: the Sahara, Sahel, savanna, tropical rain forest, Congo River, Niger River, Nile River, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Atlas Mountains, and Kalahari Desert. Concept: LOCATION

5. FEATURES OF AFRICA • Locate the following: • Sahara, Sahel, savanna, tropical rain forest, Congo River, Niger River, Nile River, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Atlas Mountains, and Kalahari Desert

6. Savanna Rain forest Lake Tanganyika

8. SS7G4aExplain the differences between an ethnic group and a religious group. Concepts: CULTURE INDIVIDUALS – GROUPS - INSTITUTIONS

9. SS7G4bExplain the diversity of religions within the Arab, Ashanti, Bantu, and Swahili ethnic groups. Concepts: CULTURE INDIVIDUALS – GROUPS - INSTITUTIONS

10. In Africa, the major religions include traditional beliefs such as animism, while trade, migration, and colonization brought Judaism, Islam, and Christianity to Africa. Traditional religions such as animism, the belief that all things (living and non-living including natural phenomenon such as wind) have a soul and some of these things may be held up as gods.

11. Arabs • Any member of the Arabic-speaking peoples native to the Middle East and North Africa. Many Arabs are Muslims (followers of Islam), but some are also followers of Christianity.

12. Ashanti • People of West Africa near Ghana, Ivory Coast, and Togo. • Ashanti ethnic group mostly have traditional beliefs. The symbol of Asanti unity is the Golden Stool, held to be so sacred that not even kings were allowed to sit on it. They also believe in spiritual and supernatural powers. An Asante chief wearing silk cloth and gold jewelry.

13. BANTU One of the original ethnic groups in Africa that was part of the largest migration of people on the continent thousands of years ago. Many Bantu Africans have traditional beliefs as they believe in the power of ancestors in everyday life. However, in parts of east Africa Bantu culture has mixed with the Arab culture to create a new ethnic group and culture known as Swahili. An

14. SWAHILI • The Swahili people live on the east coast of Africa from Somalia to Mozambique. • Many Swahili people are Muslims (believe in Islam) after Arabs brought the religion from Arabia when trading. • However, they also mix in some traditional beliefs with their Islamic beliefs. • The Swahili language is a mixture between Bantu and Arabic.

15. Think Critically • How is this map SIMILAR and DIFFERENT to the modern African map that you have been studying?

16. SS7H1aExplain how the European partitioning across Africa contributed to conflict, civil war, and artificial political boundaries. Concepts: Conflict Creates Change Continuity and Change

17. THE 5 W’s of EUROPEAN INFLUENCE IN AFRICA WHO (EUROPEAN EMPIRES) WHAT (REASONS FOR COLONIZATION) WHEN (DEVELOPMENT) WHERE (AREAS OF INTEREST) WHY (REASONS FOR PARTITIONING)

18. Who would want Africa? Europeans in the nineteenth century saw colonies as a measure of national power and a key part of the system known as imperialism. A strong country was supposed to have colonies to provide raw materials and markets to increase its wealth and importance in the world. Some countries like Britain, wanted to control areas of Africa to protect the transportation routes to British Empire territories in India and Asia. Egypt was on the Suez Canal. Cape Colony overlooked the southern tip of Africa protecting the sea routes around the continent. Other parts of Africa were rich with natural resources. Gold, platinum, and diamonds were discovered in South Africa. Iron ore, coal, and eventually the element uranium were found in other areas. The Congo produced rubber a key part of industrial production in Europe. Another key factor was the work of Christian missionaries. They saw European colonization of Africa as a way to bring Christianity to a “heathen” land. Their work gave the colonizers another excuse to do whatever they wanted to do in Africa.

19. Think Critically • .Why was there a “Mad Scramble” for European countries to claim African land? • . What kind of conflicts could this create?

20. 1. According to the map, which two European countries claimed much of the African continent? 2. What are some conflicts these boundary lines could have created within the African cultures?

21. WHAT DO YOU THINK THE ARTIST IS TRYING TO COMMUNICATE IN THIS POLITICAL CARTOON?

22. 1884-85 BERLIN CONFERENCE • The Berlin Conference was conducted, and European powers (Great Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Belgium, and Italy) agreed to divide the continent into European governed colonies. • This division was disastrous as the new boundary lines divided ethnic groups and in most cases forced rival ethnic groups to live together. • The Europeans wanted the natural resources to fuel the Industrial Revolution. As they made products, they then forced African colonies to buy them for much more than they received for their resources.

23. …BUT BY 1885, OVER 90% OF AFRICA WOULD BE UNDER THE CONTROL OF EUROPEAN EMPIRES, PARTICULARLY THE BRITISH AND THE FRENCH IN 1878, MUCH OF AFRICA WAS NOT COLONIZED BY EUROPE

26. After World War 2 Few European powers did not try to improve the lives of the Africans. This neglect remained largely the rule until after WW2. By the 1950s however, change was in the air. Many Africans were openly opposed to continued European control of their countries. They realized that colonialism was not equality for all. The European powers had more rights and more comfortable lives than their African subjects. They were taking advantage of African land and labor, and they saw the African people as second-class citizens. WW1 and 2 had opened Africa to the rest of the world. They had fought alongside the Europeans, and they now began to demand freedom for themselves. Slowly European powers began to liberate their African colonies.

27. THE 5 W’s of EUROPEAN INFLUENCE IN AFRICA • WHO • (EUROPEAN EMPIRES) • GREAT BRITAIN • FRANCE • BELGIUM • GERMANY • ITALY • SPAIN • PORTUGAL • WHAT • (REASONS FOR COLONIZATION) • Natural Resources • Slave or Cheap Labor • New Markets for Europe • Suez Canal Trade Route • Spread of European Culture • Christian Missionaries WHEN (DEVELOPMENT) 1652: Dutch Colony in South Africa 1806: Britain control South Africa and parts of West Africa 1848: French colonize North Africa 1867: King Leopold II of Belgium colonizes central Africa 1884: Berlin Conference 1899: Boer War between Dutch settlers and British military • WHERE • (AREAS OF INTEREST) • Over 90% of Africa came under European control after the Berlin Conference, but the only territories that were not colonized by the European empires were Liberia and Ethiopia. • WHY • (PARTITIONING of AFRICA) • Reacting to the Scramble or Race for Africa leaders of European empires met in Berlin, Germany to resolve potential conflicts between European empires over the control of African colonies. They divided up the land and created new boundary lines without any input by the people of Africa.

28. The Negatives of Colonialism • Rival ethnic groups forced to live together causing conflicts and wars. • Lost many resources without equal return. • Lost their freedom to govern themselves. • Africans were forced to work on plantations and in mines for very little money. Children as young as 10 are recruited for civil wars in Africa

29. Positives of Colonialism • Improved roads and railroads • Improved medical centers • Improved schools • Improved economies –jobs and technology • Democracies allow freedom for many people (except in countries where corruption leads to dictatorships) Hospitals in South Africa are heavily burdened by HIV- infected children—a leading health issue in Africa.

30. NEGATIVE IMPACT Slavery Wars and Riots Starvation and Poverty Disease Forced Cheap Labor Loss of Land and Power New boundaries separated families and tribes Civil Wars between ethnic groups POSITIVE IMPACT Schools and hospitals were built Improved health care Roads and railroads were built New governments and democracy Improved economies / New technologies End of Slavery IMPACT OF COLONIAL RULE ON AFRICA

31. Conflict between native Africans and Europeans during colonization Conflict between ethnic groups Conflict over who should have political power AFTER Africans gained independence from Europe Conflicts in Africa because of artificial political boundaries created by Europeans during the Berlin Conference of 1884-85

32. Think Critically Geography Skills • Where is the region of Darfur located? • What river flows north through the country of Sudan? • What type of conflict exists in this country today?

33. CONFLICT IN DARFUR: A REGION IN WESTERN SUDAN http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darfur_conflict

34. CONFLICT IN DARFUR: A REGION IN WESTERN SUDAN

35. CONFLICT IN DARFUR: A REGION IN WESTERN SUDAN

36. SS7H1aESSENTIAL QUESTIONHow did European partitioning of Africa contribute to conflict, civil war, and artificialpolitical boundaries? Concept: Conflict Creates Change Continuity and Change

37. Think Critically Speech at the Kenya African Union July 26, 1952 “... I want you to know the purpose of the Kenya African Union. It is the biggest purpose the African has. It involves every African in Kenya and it is their mouthpiece which asks for freedom. K.A.U. is you and you are the K.A.U. … True democracy has no colour distinction. It does not choose between black and white. We are here in this tremendous gathering under the K.A.U. flag to find which road leads us from darkness into democracy. In order to find it we Africans must first achieve the right to elect our own representatives.” - Jomo Kenyatta • According to the primary source document, what is the message in Jomo Kenyatta’s speech?

38. SS7H1bExplain how nationalism led to independence in South Africa, Kenya, and Nigeria. Concepts: Conflict Creates Change Continuity and Change

39. Think Critically • Copy the graphic organizer • Give examples of nationalism in each country • Briefly explain how each country gained independence

40. FROM 1910 to 1988 DIFFERENT COLONIES IN AFRICA GAINED THEIR INDEPENDENCE FROM EUROPEAN EMPIRES. THESE ARE KNOWN AS NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS.

41. SS7H1bESSENTIAL QUESTIONHow did nationalism lead to independence in South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria? Concept: Conflict Creates Change Continuity and Change

42. SS7H1dExplain the impact of the Pan-African movement. Concepts: Conflict Creates Change Continuity and Change

43. SS7H1dESSENTIAL QUESTIONWhat is the impact of the Pan-Africa movement on the continent of Africa? Concept: Conflict Creates Change Continuity and Change

44. Think Critically • This sign and many others like it were common in public places in South Africa before the ending of apartheid. • What do YOU find wrong about the message on this sign?

45. Think Critically • What message is the artist communicating in this political cartoon? • What kind of barrier did the wall of apartheid represent? • What role did Nelson Mandela play in this cartoon?

46. SS7H1cExplain the creation and end of apartheid in South Africa and the roles of Nelson Mandela and F.W.deKlerk. Concepts: Conflict Creates Change Continuity and Change

47. How did the new government enforce this new policy? • The implementation of the policy, later referred to as "separate development," was made possible by the Population Registration Act of 1950, which put all South Africans into three racial categories: Bantu (black African), White, or Coloured (of mixed race). A fourth category, Asian (Indians and Pakistanis), was added later.

48. A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982.

49. A Black South African shows his passbook issued by the Government. Blacks were required to carry passes that determined where they could live and work.

50. Houses in Soweto, a black township in the “homelands.”