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  1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  4. Oxidation-Reduction Equations Electrochemistry Electrochemical Cells Standard Reduction Potentials Cell Potentials ] Batteries Electrochemistry Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  5. Electrolysis Electrochemistry(continued) Corrosion ] Electrochemistry Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  6. Electrochemistry > Oxidation-Reduction Equations Oxidation-Reduction Equations • Balancing Redox Equations Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/electrochemistry-18/oxidation-reduction-equations-127/

  7. Electrochemistry > Electrochemical Cells Electrochemical Cells • Voltaic Cells • Electrolytic Cells • Electrochemical Cell Notation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/electrochemistry-18/electrochemical-cells-128/

  8. Electrochemistry > Standard Reduction Potentials Standard Reduction Potentials • Standard Reduction Potentials • Predicting Spontaneous Direction of a Redox Reaction • Predicting if a Metal Will Dissolve in Acid • Thermodynamics of Redox Reactions Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/electrochemistry-18/standard-reduction-potentials-129/

  9. Electrochemistry > Cell Potentials Cell Potentials • The Nernst Equation • Concentration of Cells • Free Energy and Cell Potential • Equilibrium Constant and Cell Potential Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/electrochemistry-18/cell-potentials-130/

  10. Electrochemistry > Batteries Batteries • Dry Cell Battery • Mercury Battery • Lead Storage Battery • Other Rechargeable Batteries • The Lithium-Ion Battery • Fuel Cells Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/electrochemistry-18/batteries-131/

  11. Electrochemistry > Electrolysis Electrolysis • Predicting the Products of Electrolysis • Electrolysis of Sodium Chloride • Electrolysis of Water • Electrolysis Stoichiometry Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/electrochemistry-18/electrolysis-132/

  12. Electrochemistry > Corrosion Corrosion • Corrosion • Preventing Corrosion Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/electrochemistry-18/corrosion-133/

  13. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  14. Electrochemistry Key terms • acidAn electron pair acceptor; generally capable of donating hydrogen ions. • anodeThe electrode of an electrochemical cell at which oxidation occurs. • anodeThe electrode of an electrochemical cell at which oxidation occurs. • anodeThe electrode of an electrochemical cell at which oxidation occurs. • anodeThe electrode of an electrochemical cell at which oxidation occurs. • anodeThe electrode of an electrochemical cell at which oxidation occurs. • baseA proton acceptor, or an electron pair donor. • batteryA device that produces electricity by a chemical reaction between two substances. • cathodeThe electrode of an electrochemical cell at which reduction occurs. • cathodeThe electrode of an electrochemical cell at which reduction occurs. • cathodeThe electrode of an electrochemical cell at which reduction occurs. • cathodeThe electrode of an electrochemical cell at which reduction occurs. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  15. Electrochemistry • cathodeThe electrode of an electrochemical cell at which reduction occurs. • corrosionErosion by chemical action, especially oxidation. • coulombsIn the International System of Units, the derived unit of electric charge; the amount of electric charge carried by a current of 1 ampere flowing for 1 second. Symbol: C. • electrochemical cellA container containing an electrolyte and two electrodes; used to produce direct current electricity. One or more of them constitute a battery. • electrochemical cellA container containing an electrolyte and two electrodes; used to produce direct current electricity. One or more of them constitute a battery. • electrochemistryThe science of the chemistry associated with the flow of electricity, especially at the surface of an electrode. • electrodeThe terminal through which electric current passes between metallic and nonmetallic parts of an electric circuit. In electrolysis, the electrodes are placed in the solution separately. • electrode potentialThe potential difference of a half-reaction that occurs across a reversible cell made up of any electrode and a standard hydrogen electrode. • electrolysisThe chemical change produced by passing an electric current through a conducting solution or a molten salt. • electrolysisThe chemical change produced by passing an electric current through a conducting solution or a molten salt. • electrolysisThe chemical change produced by passing an electric current through a conducting solution or a molten salt. • electrolyteA substance that, in solution or when molten, ionizes and conducts electricity. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  16. Electrochemistry • electrolyteA substance that, in solution or when molten, ionizes and conducts electricity. • electrolyteA substance that, in solution or when molten, ionizes and conducts electricity. • electrolyteA substance that, in solution or when molten, ionizes and conducts electricity. • electrolyteA substance that, in solution or when molten, ionizes and conducts electricity. • electrolyticOf, relating to, or using electrolysis. • electromotive forceVoltage generated by a battery or by a varying magnetic field. • energy densityThe amount of energy that can be stored relative to the volume of the battery. • faradayThe quantity of electricity required to deposit or liberate 1 gram equivalent weight of a substance during electrolysis; approximately 96,487 coulombs. • free energyThe difference between the internal energy of a system and the product of its entropy and absolute temperature. • fuel cellA device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. • galvanic cellElectrochemical cell that derives electrical energy from spontaneous redox reaction taking place within the cell. • galvanizeTo coat with a thin layer of metal by electrochemical means; to electroplate. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  17. Electrochemistry • Gibbs free energyA thermodynamic potential that measures the "useful" or process-initiating work obtainable from a thermodynamic system at a constant temperature and pressure. • Gibbs free energyThe difference between the enthalpy of a system and the product of its entropy and absolute temperature; a measure of the useful work obtainable from a thermodynamic system at constant temperature and pressure. • half-cellEither of the two parts of an electrochemical cell containing an electrode and an electrolyte. • half-cellEither of the two parts of an electrochemical cell containing an electrode and an electrolyte. • lignosulfonateWater-soluble anionic polyelectrolyte polymers; they are byproducts from the production of wood pulp using sulfite pulping. • Nernst equationUsed to determine the equilibrium reduction potential of a half-cell in an electrochemical cell, as well as the total voltage for a full electrochemical cell. • oxidizeTo increase the valence (the positive charge) of an element by removing electrons. • oxidizing agentAny substance that oxidizes, or receives electrons from, another; in so doing, it becomes reduced. • redoxA reversible chemical reaction in which one reaction is an oxidation and the reverse is a reduction. • reduceTo add electrons/hydrogen or to remove oxygen. • reduceTo add electrons/hydrogen or to remove oxygen. • sacrificial coatingA metal coating that is more likely to be oxidized than the metal it protects. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  18. Electrochemistry • secondary cellAn electric cell that is rechargeable because it converts chemical energy into electrical energy by a reversible chemical reaction. • spectator ionAn ion that exists as a reactant and a product in a chemical equation. • standard electrode potentialAn electrode potential measured under standard conditions (298 K, 1 atm, and 1 M). • standard hydrogen electrodeA redox electrode which forms the basis of the thermodynamic scale of oxidation-reduction potentials; used as a standard against which other electrodes are measured. • standard reduction potentialThe reduction potential of a reaction measured under standard conditions: 25 °C, a 1 M concentration for each participating ion, a partial pressure of 1 atm for each gas, and metals in pure states. • voltageThe amount of electrostatic potential between two points in space. • voltaic cellA cell, such as in a battery, in which an irreversible chemical reaction generates electricity; a cell that cannot be recharged. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  19. Electrochemistry Electrochemical cell Schematic of an electrochemical cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Electrochemical cell."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical_cellView on Boundless.com

  20. Electrochemistry Fuel cell Fuel cells convert the chemical energy from fuel into electricity via a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. However, using hydrogen as the major fuel source in fuel cells has several pros and cons that have kept it controversial for mainstream use. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Fuelcell."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell%23mediaviewer/File:Solid_oxide_fuel_cell_protonic.svgView on Boundless.com

  21. Electrochemistry Mercury watch battery Mercury batteries are convenient because of their size. This is a small watch mercury battery. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia.CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:??-53?.JPGView on Boundless.com

  22. Electrochemistry Laptop lithium-ion battery The lithium-ion battery is good for use in portable electronics, including laptops. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Li ion laptop battery."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Li_ion_laptop_battery.jpgView on Boundless.com

  23. Electrochemistry Walther Nernst A portrait of Walther Nernst Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Electrochemistry."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemistry%23Cell_emf_dependency_on_changes_in_concentrationView on Boundless.com

  24. Electrochemistry Electrolysis of water Device invented by Johann Wilhelm Ritter to develop the electrolysis of water. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Electrolysis of water."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis_of_waterView on Boundless.com

  25. Electrochemistry Walther Nernst A portrait of Walther Nernst. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Walther Nernst."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Walther_Nernst.jpgView on Boundless.com

  26. Electrochemistry A typical galvanic cell A typical arrangement of half-cells linked to form a galvanic cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Electrochemical cell."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical_cellView on Boundless.com

  27. Electrochemistry Cathodic protection prevents corrosion Galvanic sacrificial anode attached to the hull of a ship; here, the sacrificial anode shows corrosion but the metal it is attached to does not. The anode, a piece of a more electrochemically "active" metal, is attached to the vulnerable metal surface where it is exposed to an electrolyte; the potential of the vulnerable surface is polarized to be more negative until the surface has a uniform potential. At that stage, the driving force for the corrosion reaction with the protected surface is removed. The galvanic anode continues to corrode, consuming the anode material until eventually it must be replaced, but the cathodic material is protected. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Sacrificial_anode.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sacrificial_anode.jpgView on Boundless.com

  28. Electrochemistry Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Solid oxide fuel cell protonic."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solid_oxide_fuel_cell_protonic.svgView on Boundless.com

  29. Electrochemistry Lead storage battery A diagram showing how a lead storage battery consists of six two-volt cells connected in series. The make up of each cell is also shown. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikispaces."NP-APCHEMISTRY - chapter19."CC BY-SAhttp://np-apchemistry.wikispaces.com/chapter19View on Boundless.com

  30. Electrochemistry Galvanic cell Schematic of a galvanic cell for the reaction between Zn and Cu. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Galvanic cell."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanic_cellView on Boundless.com

  31. Electrochemistry Oxidation-reduction in a galvanic cell In this galvanic cell, zinc reduces copper cations. The reaction yields zinc cations and neutral copper metal. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Galvanic cell with no cation flow."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galvanic_cell_with_no_cation_flow.pngView on Boundless.com

  32. Electrochemistry Balancing redox equations An alternative method for balancing reduction/oxidation (redox) reactions. It consists of four steps that, if followed, can balance any redox equation. Six examples are given. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

  33. Electrochemistry A typical electrolysis cell A cell used in elementary chemical experiments to produce gas as a reaction product and to measure its volume. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Electrolysis Apparatus."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electrolysis_Apparatus.pngView on Boundless.com

  34. Electrochemistry Charging a battery Diagram of charging a battery. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."File:Secondary Cell Diagram.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Secondary_Cell_Diagram.svg&page=1View on Boundless.com

  35. Electrochemistry A zinc-carbon dry-cell battery An illustration of a zinc-carbon dry cell. In it, a zinc casing acts as the anode, surrounding a carbon rod, which acts as a cathode. Between them, the electrolyte paste works as the battery. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax CNX."Free High School Science Texts Project, Siyavula Textbooks: Grade 12 Physical Science. October 30, 2012."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m39485/1.1/?collection=col11244/latestView on Boundless.com

  36. Electrochemistry A typical galvanic electrochemical cell Under standard conditions, the output of this pair of half-cells is well known. When a change in the concentration or activity of reactants occurs, or the temperature or pressure changes, the output voltage changes. It is calculated via the Nernst equation. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Galvanic cell labeled."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galvanic_cell_labeled.svgView on Boundless.com

  37. Electrochemistry Electrochemical cell A demonstration electrochemical cell setup resembling the Daniell cell. The two half-cells are linked by a salt bridge carrying ions between them. Electrons flow in the external circuit. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia commons."Electrochemical cell."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical_cell%23mediaviewer/File:ElectrochemCell.pngView on Boundless.com

  38. Electrochemistry Fuel cell in a car Fuel cells are a potential energy source for cars that do not run on gasoline. However, although fuel cells offer clean, renewable energy, there are several barriers to its widespread adoption. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons."Fuelcell."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell%23mediaviewer/File:Fuelcell.jpgView on Boundless.com

  39. Electrochemistry Electrochemical series In order to predict if two reactants will take part in a spontaneous redox reaction, it is important to know how they rank in an electrochemical series. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Dynamic Science."redox reactions - predicting spontaneous redox reactions."CC BY-SAhttp://www.dynamicscience.com.au/tester/solutions/chemistry/redox/oxidisinreducinstrengthspontaneous.htmView on Boundless.com

  40. Electrochemistry A galvanic, or voltaic, cell The cell consists of two half-cells connected via a salt bridge or permeable membrane. The electrodes are immersed in electrolyte solutions and connected through an electrical load. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Galvanic cell."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanic_cellView on Boundless.com

  41. Electrochemistry Electrolysis of copper sulfate Two copper electrodes are placed in a solution of blue copper sulfate and are connected to a source of electrical current. The current is turned on for a period of time. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Copper_electroplating.svg."Public domainhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Copper_electroplating.svgView on Boundless.com

  42. Electrochemistry Deduce the products of the electrolysis of a molten salt Electrolysis of a molten salt produces the elements from the salt. So, the electrolysis of WCl4 produces W and Cl2. Metal ions receive electrons at the negative electrode, and the non-metals lose them at the positive electrode. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com

  43. Electrochemistry Electrolysis cell for molten sodium chloride A commercial electrolysis cell for the production of metallic sodium and chlorine gas from molten NaCl. Liquid sodium floats to the top of the melt above the cathode and is drained off into a storage tank. Chlorine gas bubbles out of the melt above the anode. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikibooks."Chemical Principles/Atoms, Molecules, and Ions."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chemical_Principles/Atoms,_Molecules,_and_IonsView on Boundless.com

  44. Electrochemistry Electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride Electrolysis of aqueous NaCl results in hydrogen and chloride gas. At the anode (A), chloride (Cl-) is oxidized to chlorine. The ion-selective membrane (B) allows the counterion Na+ to freely flow across, but prevents anions such as hydroxide (OH-) and chloride from diffusing across. At the cathode (C), water is reduced to hydroxide and hydrogen gas. The net process is the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of NaCl into industrially useful products sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and chlorine gas. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Chloralkali_membrane.svg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chloralkali_membrane.svgView on Boundless.com

  45. Electrochemistry A galvanized surface Protecting iron alloys with a coating of a more active metal through the process of galvanizing prevents the alloys from corroding. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Corrosion prevention."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion_prevention%23Economic_impactView on Boundless.com

  46. Electrochemistry Corrosion is a nuisance This photo of the Nandu River Iron Bridge in Hainan, China displays evidence of damage by corrosion. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Nandu_River_Iron_Bridge_corrosion_-_04.jpg."CC0 1.0 Universalhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nandu_River_Iron_Bridge_corrosion_-_04.jpgView on Boundless.com

  47. Electrochemistry Attribution • Wikipedia."Reaction quotient."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_quotient • Wikipedia."Electrochemistry."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemistry%23Cell_emf_dependency_on_changes_in_concentration • Wikipedia."Galvanic cell."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanic_cell • Wiktionary."free energy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/free_energy • Wiktionary."electrochemical cell."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electrochemical_cell • Wikipedia."Nernst equation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nernst%20equation • Wikipedia."Nernst equation."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nernst_equation • Wikipedia."Reversal potential."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversal_potential • Wikipedia."Standard electrode potential."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_electrode_potential • Wikipedia."Electrochemical potential."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical_potential • Wikipedia."Galvanic cell."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvanic_cell • Wikipedia."reversal potential."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/reversal%20potential • Wikipedia."galvanic cell."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/galvanic%20cell • Wikipedia."Standard electrode potential."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_electrode_potential • Wiktionary."oxidizing agent."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oxidizing_agent • Wiktionary."electrode potential."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electrode_potential • Wiktionary."Gibbs free energy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  48. Electrochemistry • Wikidot."Miniature Fuel Cells - Thermal Systems."CC BY-SAhttp://me1065.wikidot.com/miniature-fuel-cells • Wikipedia."Fuel cell."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell • Wikipedia."fuel cell."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fuel%20cell • Wiktionary."anode."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anode • Wiktionary."battery."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/battery • Wiktionary."cathode."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cathode • Wikibooks."Electronics/Batteries."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Electronics/Batteries%23Pros_and_cons_of_fuel_cells_in_various_applications • Wikipedia."Rechargeable alkaline battery."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechargeable_alkaline_battery • Wikipedia."Alkaline battery."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_battery • Wikipedia."Lithium-ion battery."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery • Wikipedia."Lead-acid battery."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-acid_battery • Wikipedia."Lead-acid battery."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead-acid_battery • Wikipedia."Nickel–metal hydride battery."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery • Wikipedia."Rechargeable battery."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechargeable_battery • Wikipedia."Lithium polymer battery."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_polymer_battery • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//chemistry/definition/secondary-cell • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//chemistry/definition/energy-density • Wiktionary."standard electrode potential."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/standard_electrode_potential • Wikipedia."Reduction potential."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction_potential Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

  49. Electrochemistry • Wikipedia."Table of standard reduction potentials for half-reactions important in biochemistry."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_standard_reduction_potentials_for_half-reactions_important_in_biochemistry • Wikipedia."standard hydrogen electrode."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/standard%20hydrogen%20electrode • Wikipedia."Reduction potential."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction_potential%23Standard_reduction_potential.2C • Wiktionary."reduce."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reduce • WikiPremed."The Electromotive-force Series of the Elements - The WikiPremed MCAT Course."CC BY-SAhttp://www.wikipremed.com/mcat_course.php?code=0215000400000000 • Wikipedia."standard reduction potential."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/standard%20reduction%20potential • OpenStax."The Nernst Equation."CC BY 4.0http://cnx.org/contents/85abf193-2bd2-4908-8563-90b8a7ac8df6@9.46:104/The-Nernst-Equation • Wiktionary."Gibbs free energy."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy • Wikipedia."Electrolysis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis • Wiktionary."electrolyte."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electrolyte • Wiktionary."electrolysis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electrolysis • Steve Lower's Website."Chem1 Electrochemistry: Electrolysis."CC BY-SAhttp://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/elchem/ec8.html#WHAT • AskApache.GNU FDLhttp://nongnu.askapache.com/fhsst/Chemistry_Grade_10-12.pdf • WIKIPEDIA."Electrolysis."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis • Wiktionary."anode."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anode • Wiktionary."cathode."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cathode • Wikibooks."Chemical Principles/Atoms, Molecules, and Ions."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chemical_Principles/Atoms,_Molecules,_and_Ions • STEVE LOWER'S WEBSITE."Chem1 Electrochemistry: Electrolysis."CC BY-SAhttp://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/elchem/ec8.html#WHAT • ASKAPACHE.GNU FDLhttp://nongnu.askapache.com/fhsst/Chemistry_Grade_10-12.pdf Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

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