Chapter 3: Chemical and Physical Features of Water and the World Ocean.

1. Chapter 3: Chemical and Physical Features of Water and the World Ocean. Marine Biology Mr. Swift

2. Chapter 3: Objectives Part I • Define and differentiate between atoms, elements, and molecules. • Describe the water molecule, including hydrogen bonding and the three states of water. • Define heat capacity and relate it to water and the marine environment. • Discuss water as a solvent, including salts and ions in your discussion. • List the sources of salts in sea water.

3. Chapter 3: Objectives Part II • Discuss the composition of sea water, including the most abundant dissolved Ions. • Define salinity and list the typical salinity of sea water. • Discuss the rule of constant proportions as it relates to seawater salinity. • Describe how evaporation and precipitation affect seawater salinity. • Discuss how salinity and temperature affect the density of water. • Describe the range of salinity and temperature in the ocean.

4. Chapter 3: Objectives Part III • Create typical profile of temperature with depth. • Define thermocline. • Describe how temperature data are collected in the ocean, including expendable bathythermographs and satellites. • Discuss global sea surface temperature. • List the most common dissolved gases in sea water. • Describe the effect of temperature on dissolved gases. • Discuss the factors that influence the transparency of sea water. • Describe how sunlight is filtered out with depth in sea water.

5. Chapter 3: Objectives Part IV • Define pressure and describe how pressure changes with depth. • Discuss how pressure limits the depth range of both marine organisms and scientific instruments. • Define the Coriolis Effect. • Describe how solar energy creates wind in our atmosphere. • Locate the Trade Winds, Westerlies, and Polar Easterlies on a global map. • Briefly describe how winds create ocean currents. • Describe a gyre.

6. Chapter 3: Objectives Part V • Describe the parts of a wave, including crest, trough, height, wave length, and period. • Define fetch and list the factors that influence waves. • Distinguish between seas, swells, and surf. • Define tides. • Briefly describe why there are tides, including in your explanation the role and influence of sun and moon on the earth’s tides. • Define tidal range. • Define and describe spring and neap tides. • Distinguish between semidiurnal, mixed semidiurnal, and diurnal tides. • Describe the stratification of the ocean in polar, temperate, and tropical waters. • Discuss the stability of sea water. • Describe how density differences create deepwater circulation in the ocean. Describe the three-layered ocean.

7. Chapter 3 Outline • The Waters of the Ocean • The Unique Nature of Pure Water • The Three States of Water • Heat and Water • Water as a Solvent • Seawater • Salt Composition • Salinity, Temperature, and Density • Dissolved Gases • Transparency • Pressure • Water Density and the Three-Layered Ocean • Stability and Overturn • The Three-Layered Ocean

8. Ocean Circulation • Surface Circulation • The Coreolis Effect • Wind Patterns • Surface Currents • Thermocline Circulation and the Great Ocean Conveyor • The Three-Layered Ocean • Stability and Overturn • The Great Ocean Conveyor • Waves and Tides • Waves • Tides • Why Are There Tides? • Tides in the Real World • Box Readings: • Tall Ships and Surface Currents • Waves That Kill • Eye on Science:The Bering Ecosystem Study

49. The Tide Rises, the Tide Falls The tide rises, the tide falls, The twilight darkens, the curlew calls; Along the sea-sands damp and brown The traveller hastens toward the town, And the tide rises, the tide falls. Darkness settles on roofs and walls, But the sea, the sea in the darkness calls; The little waves, with their soft, white hands, Efface the footprints in the sands, And the tide rises, the tide falls. The morning breaks; the steeds in their stallsStamp and neigh, as the hostler calls; The day returns, but nevermoreReturns the traveller to the shore, And the tide rises, the tide falls. ~ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807–1882)