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Some important developments

Some important developments. Philosophy: Ideas of Immanuel Kant Faculties of mind add to experience Innate mechanisms are responsible for some of this added meaning James’ “stream of consciousness” Notion of force fields in physics. Founders of Gestalt psychology.

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Some important developments

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  1. Some important developments • Philosophy: Ideas of Immanuel Kant • Faculties of mind add to experience • Innate mechanisms are responsible for some of this added meaning • James’ “stream of consciousness” • Notion of force fields in physics

  2. Founders of Gestalt psychology • Max Wertheimer (1880-1943) • Motion illusions, phi phenomenon • Wolfgang Kohler (1887-1967) • Studied ape learning, insight • Kurt Koffka (1886-1941) • Wrote first English-language articles on Gestalt theories of perception

  3. Principles of Gestalt psychology • Phi phenomenon Wertheimer proved Wundt’s explanation to be wrong!

  4. Principles of Gestalt psychology • Psychophysical isomorphism • Brain transforms sensory data • Order and pattern are in the brain, not in the stimuli • Perception occurs in wholes, not in parts • Law of Pragnanz: pieces organize themselves into the simplest and most meaningful configuration possible

  5. Gestalt laws of grouping • Continuity • Proximity • Similarity • Inclusiveness • Closure

  6. Gestalt Perceptual Constancies • Size, shape, brightness of objects constantly change with angle, distance, lighting - yet we perceive objects as having constant qualities • Not a result of learning, but inherent in the nature of objects in the world

  7. Shape constancy Door’s image, as captured by the retina of your eye, is NOT rectangular - yet we see the door as a rectangle even as it opens and closes.

  8. Size constancy • Retinal image size decreases as objects become further away, but we don’t perceive these objects as “shrinking”

  9. Figure-ground perception • Figure: what is attended to; a unit • Ground: the background; not attended to • Brain quickly picks out figure from ground even though the environment doesn’t always give clear cues as to what is figure and what is background!

  10. Gestalt view of learning • Dominant view of learning at the time: Trial and Error • Kohler’s studies of insight showed that trial and error can occur mentally, without having to perform physical trial and error • What is learned is a relationship, not just a specific response to a specific stimulus

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