Academic Writing: The Writing Process and Techniques

1. 工学部共通講義　 学部03-041093, 大学院3799-029 アカデミック・ライティング第6回講義 毎週水曜５限、16:40-18:10 工学部8号館83号講義室 国際工学教育推進機構 バイリンガルキャンパス推進センター 国際化推進部門長 森村　久美子　准教授 morimura@t-adm.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp

2. Course Schedule Academic Writing

3. So far, we have covered… • Logic for writing • Letter, Cover letter • Email • CV • Resume • Essay writing • Report writing, Summary Report • Research Paper Writing • Theses writing Academic Writing

4. Academic writing process 1. Getting started 2. Prewriting 3. Gathering Information 4. Organizing the Information 5. Writing the First Draft 6. Revising and Rewriting 7. Editing and Rewriting Academic Writing

5. 1. Getting started A. Understand the assignment understand the purpose, think of audience B. Choose topic what you are concerned, interested in, what you want to know more about Academic Writing

6. 2. Prewriting • brainstorming, wh-questions • Venn diagrams/idea maps • write, talk Academic Writing

7. 3. Gathering Information • ask questions • read articles • choose info • take notes Academic Writing

8. 4. Organizing the Information • Categorize, label info, and plan outline Group 2 idea idea Group 1 idea idea idea idea idea idea idea idea Group 3 idea idea idea idea idea idea Academic Writing

9. OutlineWhy learning English is important to me? Organizing Information Ⅰ．Introduaction Ⅱ．Good Jobs A. More opportunity B. Can work anywhere C. Higher pay Ⅲ．Influence A. Teach children English B. Use English internationally Academic Writing

10. 5. Writing the First Draft • follow your planning outline This is the outline Chapter Ⅰ Chapter Ⅱ Chapter Ⅲ paragraph paragraph paragraph paragraph paragraph paragraph paragraph paragraph paragraph idea idea idea idea idea idea idea idea idea idea idea idea idea idea idea idea idea idea 2012/10/17 Academic Writing

11. 6. Revising and Rewriting • Add more details, examples, explanations, • Reorganize (if needed) • Improve paragraphing • Change words • Think of sentence structure Academic Writing

12. 7. Editing and Rewriting • Read your paper aloud • Correct errors in spelling, punctuation, and grammar Academic Writing

13. The Research Paper • Title page • Abstract • Heading • Outline • Spacing of the lines • Parentheses ( ) • Formal writing elements: Introduction, Paragraphs, and formal conclusion • Other characteristics Academic Writing

14. Writing A Summary • Finding Main Ideas (when I was a child) • Example paragraph (Hypocrite) • Writing Main Ideas (earthquake) • Summarizing Main Ideas of an Essay Academic Writing

15. Finding Main Ideas • The childhood of the British queen, Queen Elizabeth I, was quite difficult. First of all, her father, King Henry VIII, wanted a son and eventually killed her mother because she couldn’t give him a male heir. Her father married six times. He divorced two wives, beheaded two, one died giving birth to his only son, and one survived him. When Mary, Elizabeth’s half sister became queen, she put Elizabeth in prison because she was jealous of her. Elizabeth certainly did not have a normal childhood. Academic Writing

16. Writing a main idea • The shaking of the earth causes gas lines to break, and huge fires are caused that destroy entire buildings. These fires can cause explosions of other areas as well. In addition, freeway structures collapse, and streets and highways are twisted and broken. Sometimes when an earthquake hits during high traffic hours, hundreds of people are killed in their cars. Furthermore, houses crumble and slide down hills., they collapse on the people inside, or they disappear in huge cracks in the earth. In seconds, people die, become homeless, or are trapped under fallen structures. The injuries to people and the damage to property cost millions. Academic Writing

17. The damage that earthquakes cause • Earthquakes are very destructive. • The damage caused by earthquakes is unbelievable. Academic Writing

18. Summary Report • combined summary article 1 : main points article 2 : main points Outline of Main Points Summary Report Academic Writing

19. Title page • APA style and traditional style (samples) Academic Writing

20. Paragraph • Topic Sentence Main Idea • Concluding sentence paraphrase the topic sentence Introductory paragraph Topic sentence Supporting sentence Concluding sentence Body Topic sentence Supporting sentence Concluding sentence Concluding paragraph Topic sentence Supporting sentence Concluding sentence Academic Writing

21. Argumentative Writing 複雑な問題になると１パラグ ラフでは表せない Multi paragraph=Essay • Introductory paragraph • Bodyparagraph • Concluding paragraph メタ構造になる Introductory paragraph Topic sentence Supporting sentence Concluding sentence Body Topic sentence Supporting sentence Concluding sentence Concluding paragraph Topic sentence Supporting sentence Concluding sentence Academic Writing

22. Essay • Introductory paragraph • point 1,point 2, point 3 • Concluding paragraph Introductory paragraph Topic sentence Supporting sentence Concluding sentence Body 1 Topic sentence Body 2 Topic sentence Supporting sentence Supporting sentence Concluding sentence Concluding sentence Concluding paragraph Body 3 Topic sentence Topic sentence Supporting sentence Supporting sentence Concluding sentence Concluding sentence Academic Writing

23. Research Paper Introduction Hook: interesting, emotional comment to catch the reader's attention General statement: background information about the topic Thesis Statement: the specific topic of the essay Academic Writing

24. “Hook” General Comments Background information Thesis Statement Academic Writing

25. Conclusion Restate the thesis statement Summary, evaluation, opinions, Final statement Ideas of the thesis statement Comments summary evaluation opinion Final statement Academic Writing

26. The Conclusion Ideas Of the Thesis Statement • Comments: • Summary • Evaluation • Opinion Final Statement Academic Writing

27. Table of Contents • Final Outline Academic Writing

28. transitions • In short, Thus, In conclusion, In summary, Therefore, To conclude, To summarize, and also, Furthermore, another, In addition, Moreover, In fact, That is, As a matter of fact, For instance, To illustrate, such as, In contrast, however, On the other hand, Because, since, For this reason, therefore, as a result, consequently, First, Second, First of all, Last, after, After that, Academic Writing

29. Before, Next, More important, One way, Another way, most important, Similarly, Also, Likewise, both…and, alike, the same as, although, while, differ from, though, whereas, more than, although, instead of, except, in spite of, even though, yet, otherwise, unless, still, while, generally, in general, as a general rule, obviously, naturally, certainly, unquestionably, admittedly, of course, even now, surely, Academic Writing

30. How to write a research paper 注意する点 Academic Writing

31. Logic is important • Logical structure>Fluent English 　　英語は修正できるが構成を変えるのは困難 • Make a perfect outline with logical structure 　　　箇条書きで SVOを意識して 　　　順序どおり 　　　関係性を考えて A=>B B=>C A=>C Academic Writing

32. Use Clear English • Cause & effect • Decisive＝はっきり言い切る • Add a subject • Affirmative or negative? • General idea comes first, details come later. It may be true that ….. The color of the liquid changed as the temperature went up. The paper was not accepted. Academic Writing

33. 避けたい表現 This may give a definite idea about… It could be considered that…… This may be viewed… あいまいさ 責任逃れ 言い訳可能 Academic Writing

34. Rules • Argument should run as a logical sequence.（議論は論理的に） • No essential steps should be left unwritten.（重要な事項は必ず書く） • Be as precise, unambiguous, and explicit as you can.（正確に、明瞭に、明白に） • Don’t hesitate to state your conclusions boldly and definitely.（大胆に、はっきりと） Academic Writing

35. 各部分の説明 Academic Writing

36. タイトル • 読者が一番最初に目にする部分 • 検索サービスにも使われる • →重要な役割 • 内容を正確に表し、かつ簡潔(main idea) • 長さの目安：13ワード、100字 • 省略形は使わない • 前置詞、接続詞は小文字で • The, on, study, observation, investigationなどはできるだけ省く Academic Writing

37. Title • 悪いタイトル New Method of Measuring Viscosity by using MEMS. A study on ips cells based on the observation of their division and the investigation • 良いタイトル A Method to Measure the Viscosity of Liquid using Micro Cantilever Development of a DNA oscillator with essential assemblies of complex behaviors Academic Writing

38. Abstract • Good Abstract First paragraph: Vision and purpose of the whole Second paragraph: what they did specifically Third paragraph: Result they get after the experiment and its tendency Fourth paragraph: Summarize the whole and touch a bit of future plan. • なぜ 1 2 3 4 Academic Writing

39. アブストラクト • 本文を読むか否かを抄録で決める • 抄録だけを掲載する雑誌もある • →重要 • 論文中のすべての新しい情報に言及（essence） • 表題に書かれたことは繰り返さない • 主題、実験の方法、具体結果を書く • 100－200ワード • 文献、図、表は引用しない • 過去形で書く • Clear かつ concise Academic Writing

40. Introduction • Purpose 20% • Background 20% • Literature review 20% • What’s lacking 20% • Guideline of the paper 20% • Do not repeat what’s written in abstract. Academic Writing

41. Introduction • The incentive for the recycling of material is particularly strong in the case of paper as the conservation of forests is important for the control of greenhouse gases. • It has been the subject of consideration. • Dr. X [2001] pointed out this issue. • Indication of ….. is challenging because… • We have begun our own study of …… Academic Writing

42. Body • Readers should be able to understand everything just by reading info written on the paper. • On which conditions, the result would be 成り立つのか • Accuracy and errorof the data • Which shows the result better, graphs or tables?（It’s not good to show the same data both in graphs and tables) Academic Writing

43. Experimental materials and measures • material • Describe in an order you operated • Write precisely so that anybody can reproduce • Note all the equipment and medicine used • No need to mention trade marks • Briefly and precisely For each region, 40measurements were made at 5μm intervals at 25 C. Averages for 80 measurements ( 40x2 ) for all regions were calculated. Academic Writing

44. Result To develop the theory and discussions, results gained in the experiment should be written clearly and briefly. • Write only the typical results • Do not start discussion here • Try to avoid vague expressions, but use numerical values • Simplify the development of the logic by using pictures, tables and graphs. • Use past tense Academic Writing

45. Discussion 結果を他の結果と関連付けて評価する 結果から緻密な論理で自分の観点を展開 この先どのように研究が必要とされるか論ずる • 論理的な主張が無くてはならない • 新しい発見の意義について述べ、今までの　知見にどう寄与するかを説明 • 自分の研究も批判的に考える Academic Writing

46. 結論 • 最も重要な結果だけを書く • 結果を箇条書きにする • 同じ言葉ではなく言い換える • 次になすべき研究は何かに触れる Academic Writing

47. Conclusion • Describe: In the motorcycle industry, it is an important process used to join parts. • Compare: In comparison with …. • Evaluate: In our study, …… was observed. • Criticize: ….remains questionable. • Conclude: It was concluded that …. Academic Writing

48. 謝辞 • 論文に関連した指導や援助に対し、感謝の意 • 何について感謝するのかを記す • 大げさな言葉は使わない • 固有名詞については誤りが無いように • 個人に感謝する場合は、原則として本人の　　了承を取ってから名前を挙げる Academic Writing

49. Acknowledgments • We would like to thank …for …. • We appreciate the help received from … with the mass analysis. • The authors gratefully acknowledge… for … • The author is indebted to … for … • The authors are sincerely grateful to … for … • The authors thank … for … Academic Writing

50. assignment • Summary reportを書く • A4一枚 • タイトルページ付き • 締め切り　　5月27日（月）23：59 ees.seut@gmail.comへ送る Academic Writing