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Deviance and Social Control: Understanding Behavior and Norms

This chapter explores the concept of deviance, including its definition, factors that influence it, and different perspectives on it. It also examines types of social control and the consequences of deviance, both negative and positive. Additionally, the chapter discusses theories explaining deviance, such as biological, functionalist, symbolic interactionist, and conflict perspectives. The concept of social bonds and its impact on conformity is also explored. The chapter concludes with global differences in crime rates and approaches to punishment.

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Deviance and Social Control: Understanding Behavior and Norms

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  1. Chapter 7 Deviance and Social Control

  2. Defining Deviance • Norms determine whether behavior is deviant or normal. • Norms vary from group to group, society to society, and time to time, so behavior considered deviant varies.

  3. Defining Deviance Depends on three circumstances: • Social status and power of the individuals involved. • Social context in which the behavior occurs. • The historical period in which the behavior takes place.

  4. Distribution of Deviance Relative to Norm of Leanness

  5. Types of Social Control • Internal control • Self imposed • Acquired during socialization • External control • Exists outside the individual • Based on sanctions designed to control the individual.

  6. Biological Explanations of Deviance • Lombroso - believed criminals were throwbacks to earlier human evolutionary development. • William Sheldon - attributed crime to body shape. • There is no convincing proof that genetic characteristics cause people to be deviant.

  7. Functionalist View of Deviance • Negative consequences of deviance: • Encourages social disorder • Erodes trust • Encourages further nonconformity in others • Diverts resources from other social needs

  8. Functionalist View of Deviance • Positive consequences of deviance: • Helps clarify norms • Offers a safety valve • Increases social unity • Brings about needed social change

  9. Responses in Merton’s Strain Theory

  10. Responses in Merton’s Strain Theory

  11. Symbolic Interactionist Perspective of Deviance • Cultural transmission theory contends deviance is learned, just like any other aspect of culture. • Labeling theory views an act as deviant only if other people respond to it as if it were deviant.

  12. Conflict Perspective of Deviance • Emphasizes social inequality and power differentials. • Most powerful members of a society are said to determine group norms and the definition of deviant. • Relate deviance to capitalism, pointing to the relationship between race, ethnicity, and crime.

  13. Elements of Social Bonds • Attachment • The stronger the attachment to parents, friends, and institutions the more likelihood of conformity. • Commitment • A greater commitment to social goals such as educational attainment and occupational success, the more likely one is to conform.

  14. Elements of Social Bonds • Involvement • Participation in legitimate social activities increases the probability of conformity. • Belief • Subscription to norms and values of society promotes conformity.

  15. Theoretical Perspectives: Illustrating Deviance

  16. Theoretical Perspectives: Illustrating Deviance

  17. Types of Crimes Americans Commit: 2001

  18. FBI Crime Clock: 2001

  19. Global Differences in Crime • Homicide • The U.S. homicide rate per 100,000 population is around 5.5. • The rate of homicide in Europe is less than 2 per 100,000.

  20. Global Differences in Crime • Rape • The U.S. rate was 32 per 100,000, 6 times higher than the average for Europe. • Burglary • The only crime for which the U.S. rate was less than double the average for European countries.

  21. Global Differences in Crime • Robbery • U.S. rate is around 145 per 100,000 . • The average European rate is less than 50 per 100,000.

  22. Approaches to Punishment • A criminal justice system may draw on four approaches to punishment: • Deterrence • Retribution • Incarceration • Rehabilitation

  23. Number of Executions

  24. Attitudes Toward the Death Penalty and Life Imprisonment without Parole in the U.S.

  25. National Death Penalty Policy

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