Janice Fon, Wai Yi Peggy Wong, Shu-hui Peng, Sun-Ah Jun, & Yiya Chen

1. Some cross-linguistic observations from the Asian languages group on principles of prosodic grouping Janice Fon, Wai Yi Peggy Wong, Shu-hui Peng, Sun-Ah Jun, & Yiya Chen

2. Overview • Every language we have looked at seems to have some kind of a grouping hierarchy, marked by a variety of phenomena including syllable fusion, positional allophony of segments, pause distribution, tone sandhi domains, boundary tones, pitch range reset, etc. • Some of these phenomena are highly language-specific. For example, if a language does not have tone sandhi, then tone sandhi domains cannot define a level of the hierarchy

3. Intonation Phrase • Pause • Lengthening • Pitch range reset

4. Frequency (Hz) Pause and pitch range reset (1)

5. Frequency (Hz) Pause and pitch range reset (2)

6. Frequency (Hz) 300 250 200 150 <SIL> 335 223 223 55 3 221 H% <SIL> 223 55 223 33 L% <SIL> 1 0 1 1 0 2 <SIL> 1 0 1 2 lE55+3a33 kO3jIN221 <SIL> * ty55jau223 <SIL> ji lei jau saam gok jing <SIL> ngo dou jau wo 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 time (seconds) Boundary tones (1): H%

7. Frequency (Hz) 300 250 200 150 H* !H* !H* L+H* L-L% H* L-H% L+H* < L- H* <SIL> state law now requires public construction projects to set aside one percent 1 1 1 4 1 1 4 1 1 3 1 breath> 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 time (seconds) Boundary tones (2): H%

8. Some intermediate groupings • Tone sandhi group • Segmental allophony • Loss of tone specification • Syllable fusion • Segmental lenition and deletion

9. 300 250 200 150 Tone sandhi group /a33 51 33 51 / a21 51 33 33  switch I ask you PragPrt ‘Now, it’s MY turn to ask you’ /a33 51 33 51 / a21 5533 33  switch I ask you PP ‘Now, it’s my turn to ask you’

10. Frequency (Hz) 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 i ma le jang dO TSG IP he she bought starfruit / 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 Frequency (Hz) 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 i ma le jang dO kUq TSG IP IP he she bought sheep dried peach / 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 time (seconds) Segmental allophony & loss of tone specification

11. Syllable fusion & loss of tonal specification bùyào=[bjaw] Frequency (Hz) 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 hai35 zi men yao51 bu51 yao51 lai35 s3 s0 s0 s3 s0 s0 s3 <B2> <B0> <B5> L% 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 time (seconds)

12. Frequency (Hz) 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 <SIL> 22 33 55 3 % <SIL> 0 1- 0 2 5000 5000 hai22am33 nO55A2 4000 4000 <SIL> hai gam do laak 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 3000 3000 2000 2000 1000 1000 0 0 <SIL> <SIL> 223 223 221 221 221 221 22 22 33 33 HL% HL% <SIL> <SIL> 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 2 laa221+22 laa221+22 <SIL> <SIL> o o jyun jyun loi loi hai hai wai wai 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 1 1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 time (seconds) time (seconds) Segmental lenition & deletion

13. Summary • Similarities • Every language we have looked at seems to have some kind of a prosodic grouping hierarchy • At the intonation phrase level, the realization cues used are fairly universal – pause, pitch reset, lengthening, etc. • Differences • At the intonation phrase level, the degree of which different cues are used is language-specific • At the intermediate level, languages exploit various prosodic groupings – tone sandhi group (Taiwanese Min), segmental allophony (Shanghainese), loss of tone specification (Shanghainese, Mandarin), syllable fusion (Mandarin, Cantonese), segmental lenition and deletion (Cantonese), etc.